Overview On The Software Crisis Information Technology Essay

Overview On The packet package Crisis Information Technology EssayThe term bundle program crisis has been used since the late 1960s to describe those recurring system education problems in which softw ar discipline problems cause the entire system to be late, over budget, not responsive to the user and/or customer requirements, and difficult to use, maintain, and enhance. The packet development level is lower than the hardware manufacturing level because the hardware are manufactured fast and the software development takes more time. The construction of new software that is both pleasing to the user/buyer and without latent errors is an unexpectedly hard problem. It is perhaps the most difficult problem in engineering today, and has been recognized as such for more than 15 years. It is often referred to as the software crisis. It has become the longest continuing crisis in the engineering world, and it continues unabated. Software is the set of instructions that manage the ac tions of a programmable machine. Software includes application programs, system software, utility software, and firmware. Software does not include data, procedures, people, and documentation. In this tutorial, software is synonymous with ready reckoner programs. Because software is invisible, it is difficult to be certain of development progress or of product completeness and lumber.Index terms software crisis, Reasons, impact.1. INTRODUCTION-Poorly functioning computer software is nowa age credibly the largest source of annoyance after traffic jams and bad weather. The most often heard complaints about software are that it is buggy, that it does not function adequately, that it is excessively expensive,and that it is delivered late. Of course, star can wonder whether these grievances are really very consequential judging from the large amount of money spent on software, apparently it is worth it. However, it is come about that the public expects better achievement from the so ftware industry. Many software engineering experts believe the development of software is a hard to control subprogram for which there are no methods and techniques available .This state of affairs is often referred to as the software crisis. Software crisis is a term used in the early days of software engineering. The term was used to describe the impact of rapid increases in computer power and the complexity of the problems which could be tackled. This was with regards to the difficulty in writing correct, graspable and verifiable computer programs.software is not manufactured like hardware it does not hand a production phase nor manufactured spare separate like hardware it is typically custom-built, not assembled from existing components like hardware. Even in todays society, software is viewed with suspicion by many individuals, such as senior(a) managers and customers, as somewhat akin to black magic. The result is that software is one of the most difficultartifacts of th e modern world to develop andbuild.Software is often too complex to be entirely understood by a single individual. We can try to manage complexity by dividing the system into subsystems, but, as systems grow, the fundamental interaction between subsystems increases non-linearly. It is notoriously difficult to establish an adequate and stable set of requirements for a software system. Often there are hidden assumptions, there is no analytic procedure for determining when the users have told the developers everything they need to know, and developers and users do not have a common understanding of terms used. Perhaps the first-year imply of the software crisis in the secondary literature on the history of computing came in Michael S. Mahoneys landmark 1988 paper The History of Computing in the History of Technology. This was Mahoneys first published paper on computing, though by this point his interest in the topic had been growing for some years and he had already meliorate himsel f by auditing the core series of undergraduate computer science classes at Princeton. The interaction between the different parts of a system makes change difficult. Software is essentially thought stuff (that is, the result of a thought process) and much of what is valuable about software is not manifest in the programs themselves (such as the reasons for fashioning design decisions).A requirements specification for a system contains, perhaps implicitly, an applicationdomain model (for example, describing the rules of air traffic). Development of application domain theories is very difficult. Because software development depends on an educated workforce and good communications or else than on a fixed plant of any kind, software is inherently asuitable export product for developing countries. Although the US is still strong in software design and project management, the article notes that third worldcountries-notably India and further Eastern countries-are capable of producing m any more lines of label per dollar.Today software engineering is fairly popular academic field of study, with conferences, journals, and degree programs. However historians have noted with some frequency that basic debates over its identity were never really resolved and that the rhetoric of a crisis in software development has in addition endured for many decades.Nothing in the broad outline of this established narrative is altogether false. Yet the increasingly entrenched position of the software crisis and the 1968 NATO Conference in the historical literature has gradually led to the distortion of their actual nature, historical meaning, and context. At the same time, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the actual background, experiences and intellectual interests of the conference attendees or to the spread of the software crisis concept after the conference itself.I begin with a review of the software crisis concept and 1968 NATO Conference in the secondary histor ical literature, from their first appearance in 1988 to the present day. Over time the implied scope of the software crisis has grown, as has the implied importance of software engineering as a new identity for programming practice. In the rest of the paper I go back to the original sources to try to reconstruct the actual significance of the meeting and its associated crisis, and to sketch some neglected aspects of the broader history of software and programming in order to better contextualize them.Term software has led to widespread misinterpretation of the scope of the crisis, which was initially understood to afflict only operating systems and programming languages. This leads to an analysis of the backgrounds and affiliations of the participants, from which I conclude that almost all were oriented toward research rather than development, and to systems software rather than applications. Among the groups not represented at the conference were data processing managers (responsi ble for administrative computing program development within computer use organizations), business school experts on computer use, the managers of large industrial software development projects, specialists in data base management systems, and representatives of software product companies. From the perspectives of these opposite groups, particularly data processing, neither the NATO Conference nor software engineering nor does the software crisis loom very large. Instead I document a range of computer related crises and chronic complains from the 1950s onward, most of which are constructed as failure to meet the goals of the broader organization rather than being seen narrowly as failures of software.2. ReasonsThe reasons for software crisis are as follows2.1 Poor/inadequate planning-It is necessary to plan before what we are going to develop so, if the proper planning is not done consequently it results in poor software.2.2 Lose control and review-Formal and technical reviews ens ures the software quality and helps in error finding so, if reviews are not done there will be not proper development.2.3 Technical incompetency-Good Technical support is very important because this include the function and the code which results the output. So, technical incompetence results in software crisis.2.4 Non-engineering approach-If the development is lacking the engineering approach.2.5 Projects running over-budget-Any project requires an amount in developing the project to meet the options, human resource or machines. So if there will be less budget then the project development will be affected.2.6 Projects running over-time-It is very important that the project should be delivered at the right time. So the project running over time will result to software crisis.2.7 Software was of low quality-Software should be of good quality means that the output should be proper and the graphics should be user friendly.2.8 Software often did not meet requirements-The software shou ld meet the requirements of user. In software validation this is checked that is the software is meeting the requirements of the user or not.2.9 Projects were unmanageable and code difficult to maintain-The unmanageable code results in difficulty in maintenance of the project .There are a number of reasons why software construction is an inherently hard process to master. Specification plays a central role here therefore, better means of specification improve productivity. One way of achievingthis may be the use of orchis specification languages.3.IMPACTThe following are the impacts of the software crisis.3.1 The software will be not up to the mark of hardware. The manufacturing speed of the hardware is faster then the development of the software which results the software crisis. so, the impact of this is that the level of the hardware produces is not matched with the software.3.2 Incompetence between the hardware and the software.4.REFRENCES4.1http//www.wordiq.com/definition/Soft ware_crisis4.2. Springer An Integrated Approach to Software Engineering, third Edition.14/571.4.3. SE-Pressman-SE-A-PRACTITIONERS-APPROACH 39 .

Influence of Product Packaging on Consumers

Influence of Product Packaging on ConsumersThe manner and greatness of Packaging Design in Terms of Practical Business and Shipping Considerations as surface as in the Marke throneg and Consumer Context with Respect to Design, wind and Content.Chapter 1 Introduction The concept of product furtherance along with design represents an understanding that to solid foodstuff ones power point to consumers entails an understanding that they have choices and the force idea in implementing the preceding represents swaying that choice to ones particular brand. Product advancement, in terms of human history and civilization, is a proportionally bracing concept in that the early tribal and village cultures caught and consumed nutrient where it was located, moving frequently to avail themselves of game and growing produce (Berger, 2002). The self contained and self enough nature of this image of existence created little indispensability to store, transport or package items as they we re consumed almost instantly. Containers of that period consisted of leaves, shells and gourds which later gave way to seculars that were of natural origin, such as animal organs, containers made of woven grasses and logs that were hollowed (Berger, 2002). As humankind progressed, ga thered into larger villages and what could be termed towns the increased nature of commerce included dietstuffs as an item of trade. Trading marts sold non only woven materials and fashioned implements, but were a location where hunters and farmers brought items to market to be sold.The earliest fount of pottery and earthen containers has been traced back to the Paleolithic period around the 11th millennium where samples were hit in the Japanese islands (Wikipedia, 2005). The initial uses with respect to food and other products was the plentifulness or volume storage of grains, jewels, and weapons such as arrows and other items, with this evolving into farmers and merchants devising means to mea sure amounts and weigh items to sell to buyers and securers on an equal basis. The development of a furnish size for varied containers which held differing amounts provided a quick and consistent measurement via which merchants could relatively quickly dispense varied amounts in uniform measurements and as commerce grew, oil promotional material was implementd to (Berger, 2002)Hold specific amounts of products that helped to define the size or amount that would be acquired by consumers.Protect products from be contaminated as salubrious as from varied forms of environmental damages such as rain, dust, etc. and to help to limit or prevent theft.Aid in the transport of products as intimately as storage and movement.And later to provide a means of identification which evolved into the utilisation of designs and markings that made attractive display additions.1.1 Types of Packaging There ar varied types of packaging which have been employed through the ages as the worlds and discoveries in other fields impacted upon this ara. As a result packaging categories dismiss be divided into the following segmentsFlexibleThis is comprised of material that substantially b subverts and conforms to the table of contents, and in the case of modern packaging consists of containers that hold sugar, potato chips and the varied packages that we utilize to put items into for carting home from the market. The utilization of cloth, leaves and woven grasses falls into this category and represents approximately of the earliest forms of packaging utilization. Flexible packaging is termed source-reduced, which means that it adds and or has the least(prenominal) amount of material when comp bed with other packaging types that could be use, thus adding minimal weight (Integrated Waste Management Board, 2005). The advantage is also that flexible packaging is easily discarded after use.Flexible packaging use on a commercially wide scale basis has been traced back to the Chi nese in the prime(prenominal) or second coke BC, who utilized sheets of mulberry bark that was treated as a wrapping for foods (Logan city Council, 2005). The Chinese refined and further authentic packaging techniques in the ensuing centuries as a result of innovations in the art of making story and as the sockledge of musical thememaking spread across continents as a result of exploration and trade, it made its way through Asia and eventually Europe. thememaking was first introduced in England in 1310 and arrived in the unify States in 1690, when it was introduced to Germantown, Pennsylvania (infoplease.com. 2005). Paper then consisted of a thin sheet of cellulose and its early development comprised cellulose fibers that were derived from flax, which is the same plant that is utilized to make fibers for linen. The early demand for authorship truly created a situation whereby old linen rags were utilized as a fiber source in its making. It was not until 1867 that making paper from wood pulp, the figure out we usually argon familiar with, came into use (Berger, 2002). The plentiful and inexpensive nature of this supply source resulted in its becoming the primary source of papermaking and permitted the utilization of paper found products to be apply in various manners. As wood pulp replaced cloth, the use of paper became widespread as the apostrophize to manufacture it rapidly decreased.The first important development in packaging came with the foundation garment of paper bags in 1844 when this was introduced in Bristol, England. Francis Wolle in the United States invented a machine in 1852 that made paper bags and this made the use of this type of packaging to become one of the primary sources of that time (TheGreatIdeaFinder.com). Developments along these lines continued in the 1870s as glue was utilized to make paper sacks, along with the opening of the gusset design which is the construction method we are familiar with today. Further advan cements included the invention of machinery that produced what is termed as in-line printed paper bags which aided in marketing and merchandising differentiation. The development of the glued paper sack enabled the replacement of the more expensive cotton flour sack, and eventually the creation of multi-walled paper sacks permitted this material to replace cloth when the method to sew multi-walled paper sack ends was invented in 1925.The development of plastics as a packaging material came into being in the early 1970s and as a result of its many forms, it occupies the flexible, semi-flexible and rigid categories along with paper.Semi-flexibleThe utilization of paper ground packaging as a material took a further step with the development of paperboard, which we understand in todays context as the type of paper utilized in cereal packaging. This innovation was first produced in the United Kingdom in 1817, which is approximately two hundred years after the Chinese invented this proce ss (Logan City Council, 2005). Corrugated paper, which is another form of cardboard or paperboard, first appeared in the 1850s. This method entails utilizing then sheets of paperboard which are processed into a wave organise for additional rigidity and then these sheets are placed between two flat paperboard sheets (paperonline.com, 2005). The method provides for added strength as puff up as get away weight, the preceding along with the inexpensive nature of the material makes it particularly well suited to shipping as well as for storage use.During the early 1900s the preferred method of shipping many products was in wooden crates, which added considerable weight as well as the initial cost to produce, but they are prized for their durability (paperonline.com, 2005. The manufacturers of these crates put up a valiant battle to delay the utilization of cardboard crates made of corrugated paperboard, and after considerable litigation the paper based carton was introduced. Today, t hese crates are called C-flute corrugated paperboard cartons (Michigan State University, 2005) and represent the major shipping container in utilization. In reality, the development of what is termed flaked cereals hastened the utilization of paper based cartons. The Kellogg Company located in Battle Creek, Michigan in the United States was the first company to utilize cartons for cereal. The product started as a health food for sanatorium patients that soon caught favor with the public and the Kellogg Company took their product mass market. The packaging originally consisted of a heat sealed bag of Waxtite that covered the immaterial of the box. This outer wrapper contained the Kellogg name as well as advertising printing (Kelloggs.com. 2005). Todays cereal boxes utilize a wax type inner container to hold the product with the outside paperboard carton as the sturdier material. This outer box contains the brand identification and advertising reproduction.The paperboard containers as well as other forms of paper based packaging gained popularity with consumers as a result of their light weight, markings and ease of storage. On the business side of the ledger, the low cost and ability to create a meaningful differentiation from other products helped to found the packaging design revolution which is prevalent ever soywhere we look. The continued development of plastics proverb this material introduced as a packaging item during the late 1970s as it began to replace paper utilization in varied packaging instances (British Plastics Federation, 2005). The relative strength to weight ratio of plastics as well as its ability to be easily molded into any conceivable shape as well as color combinations that designers wanted provided marketers with unlimited variables to create differences. At first, plastic packaging as we know it today did not immediately land on store and counter shelves, the utilization of shapes, colors, and unique packaging concepts evolved as is the case with any innovation. The manufacturing advantage of plastics in addition to the aforementioned benefits is also a broker of its weight to contents ratio which significantly decreases shipping cost. Plastics, as with some types of paper, occupy all three classifications, flexible, semi flexible as well as rigid, depending upon the method utilized. wetThe first rigid material utilized in product packaging, as mentioned, was earthen pottery and this was primarily utilized as a storage and measuring device rather than for the packaging of products. Glass and metal containers, in terms of their utilization in packaging, although not in our modern mass merchandising format, came into use in 1500 BC and 1200 AD respectively (glassonline.com).The art of glass making first began as an alternative to pottery in 7000 BC, just it did not become industrialized until 1500 BC when the Egyptians mass produced it. The materials required for the formulation of glass, soda, limestone, sa nd and silica, were plentiful in the Egyptian region (glassonline.com). The basic process of dissolve the indicated materials and molding them while heated has changed very little through the ages, however, the techniques regarding molding have progressed. At first, the molding process consisted of pressing the hot molten material into cups and bowls. The invention of the blowpipe by the Phoenicians around 300 BC advanced merchandise dramatically and permitted the formulation of round containers which enabled food to be stored as well as transported (glassonline.com).It was not until the late 17th century, when the split mold was invented that the use of glass containers became more suitable as a packaging item on a large scale as it enabled the formation of shapes that were irregular as well as decorative designs that were raised. The preceding permitted placing the manufacturer as well as the name of the product onto containers thus providing marketing identification. Improvemen ts in manufacturing processes during the late 18th and early 19th centuries reduced the cost of manufacturing glass containers through increased production techniques and other refinements thus making them economical in terms of utilization for mass consumer marketing whereas they were heretofore mostly utilized as vessels in shops and for in high spirits up end product sales such as drugs and other expensive mixtures (glassonline.com). The preceding was a result of Owens invention of the automated rotary bottle machine, which was secure in 1889 (glassonline.com). From that point on, until the late 1960s, glass dominated the container market for liquid based product, later replaced by plastics and coated paperboard containers, such as used in milk, juice and other formats. The preceding developments in plastics and paper based liquid containers once again relegated glass back to utilization for high end products as a result of its higher weight ratio, relative fragile nature and high cost relative to other materials (glassonline.com).Tin plating samples were ascertained in the Bohemia region of Europe that date back to 1200 AD, and samples of iron coated tin cans were discovered in Bavaria dating back to the early 14th century (Kratzsch. 1999). Tin was utilized as it can be plated in very thin layers over other metals, such as iron. In ancient times, cups, plates and ingest implements for royalty and boxes were made of gold and silver. The tin plating process was held as a closely guarded secret by Bavaria until it was stolen by the Duke of Saxony in the late 1600s and thus the method found its way to France and England by the early 1900s (Kratzsch. 1999).. The process of tin plating was brought to the United States in the early 1900s by William undergrowth and very quickly, it replaced iron in the manufacture of many items as a result of its light weight, low cost and higher rigidity (Maine Preservation.com, 2005). The first utilization of tin for food packaging came as a result of an hiter proffered by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1809 who was actualizeking a means to break his troops (hyperhistory.com, 2005). Until that time, metal was considered poisonous in terms of using it for food storage. A Paris chef, Nicholas Appert, discovered that tin was not poisonous, nor did it affect the taste of food stored in it as long as the food had been boiled and then sealed into the container (hyperhistory.com, 2005). This was development was followed in 1810 by the creation of the tin cylindrical can, patent by Peter Durand of the United Kingdom (Cookery-Online.com, 2005). Until this time, metal was utilized to store and sell tobacco products, which had begun as early as 1764 in London.The discovery of tins applicability for long term food storage in varied size containers found its way to its use for cookies and matches in the early 1830s (Cookery-Online.com, 2005). At this point, its utilization on a mass scale for food storage had not taken off as a result of the relatively high cost as cans were lead soldered on a hand made basis with a hole of 1 inches at the top which was utilized to farce the food through. Then a small patch with an air hole was left and the food inside was boiled and the patch then closed (hyperhistory.com, 2005). The process was lengthy and prohibited mass production as approximately sixty cans could be so completed in this manner. The development of the aluminum can took off in earnest in 1852, with prices declining at a steady rate until 1942. Aluminum gradually replaced tin cans utilized in food storage applications. Rigid containers can be fashioned from paper based products, plastic, glass, as well as metals, and all have and do have their place in the modern forms of packaging, design and marketing.Chapter 2 Importance of Packaging The advance of civilization from a tribal based existence is due to humanitys consistent innovation and adaptation to find novel methods of feeding, clothin g and conducting commerce. The development of new packaging techniques and innovations have been innovated through the ages as a result of the aforementioned, as well as the vision of individuals who saw needs, voids and opportunities to be filled. Without our modern forms of plastic, metal, paper, cardboard and glass containers, carton and other packaging types, civilization could not exist. Taking the preceding past the simple need variable, the existence of all these differing forms of containers has spurred a climate of competition which benefits mankind in that consistently newer and better methods are being devised to create products, convenience, longevity, lower be and develop new products.And while food packaging has formed the primary undertone of the examples thus far provided, the evolution of packaging has also made realizable our modern world of commerce which provides medicines, all manner of processed as well as unprocessed foods, perfumes, smoking products, healt h and beauty aids, clothing, furnishings, fixtures, and whatever you see have either been delivered by, packaged in or still remain in one of the three packaging classifications of flexible, semi-flexible or rigid containers. Those television programs we learn would not be possible save for the safe and dependable containers T.V sets are shipped in, and even the design and outside container holding the picture tube or high definition contents is a packaging element distinctive to its brand. The toothpaste, toothbrush, soap, body powder and other articles found in ones bathroom are in containers or packaging made possible by advances in plastics, paper and metal components as well as compositions. Life as we know it would not be the same without our potato chips, coffee, tea, bread, eggs, meats, vegetables, fruits and the like all which were either processed or put into containers made from paper based products, plastics, metal or glass. The foregoing represents the broader societal aspects concerning the importance of packaging in general terms. More specifically, the processes and allied aspects of packaging in terms of marketing, mass distribution, quality of life, benefits to mankind, truth in advertising and contents, along with environmental factors are the broader considerations which shall be broached, along with other aspects.In terms of marketing and differentiating ones product from other competing brands, packaging does indeed matter. The look, style, colors, shape and other features help to distinguish ones brand from others thus enabling consumers who are used to or seek to purchase a brand to locate it easily (Sheffield, 2003). In a world crammed full of like product types, a unique bottle design or unusual box could very well be the reason a consumer elects to purchase a product for the first time (Sheffield, 2003). Thereafter, the products fulfillment of its promise in terms of taste, performance, features, durability, usability or other fact ors helps by and large to determine is continued selection by consumers. But, in order for the second equality to take place, the first one must occur (Sheffield, 2003). This however was not always the case. Recent innovations in plastics and formulation techniques have driven down the costs of manufacturing unique shapes and designs, some of which are of ergonomic benefit, convenience, usability, or simply for eye appeal.An example of the preceding can be found in Nestls new tough bag introduced for its Purina Dog Chow line. The company replaced its prior multi-wall paper package a woven polypropylene material (findarticles.com, 2004) that resists tears from fork lifts and consumer use, has an better appearance on selling selves and offers an easier to utilize opening technique that is more convenient helped to increase store sales as a result. The foregoing is in light of the fact that the packages contents remain unchanged. Other innovations by the same company includes an impr oved Nesquick syrup bottle that is easier to hold and grip for kid sized hands, offered an improved shelf look and the open top left less of a syrup mess through the use of an inverted bottle that have a no drip cap. The innovation helped Nesquick to increase sales to the consumer market while not making any changes to the actual product itself (findarticles.com, 2004). The company claimed that since the introduction of the new container its syrup sales rose 15% over the same fiscal period one year prior and that the company gained 2.6 points in market share points (findarticles.com, 2004). The foregoing points out the importance of packaging in offering new ideas, convenience, usability and function to consumers that can aid in driving sales. The preceding is an example of function defining form.Another example of the preceding is the introduction of ring-pull pop top cans. We now take this innovation for granted all but for getting how we ever opened soda cans in the past by pushi ng down on a perforated opening that usually found us spilling some soda in the process. Since the introduction of this new opening feature ring-pull pop top cans now comprise one-third of the soda can market and it is pass judgment to increase to two-thirds by the year 2008 (Gubero, 2005) The importance of packing in its purest sense means that it fulfills the objective of utilizing a minimum of resources and waste to accomplish its object of delivering its contents to the end user in safe manner whereby the contents arrive as intended. It must be remembered that our entire way of life is held together by the innovative means that we utilize to wrap, protect, ship, store and market all types of products. The foregoing is made even more dramatic by the following (Pongracz, 1998) fare packaging conserves perishable items from spoiling early and thus in the long run closes the useful life of foods which for all intents and directs could not be brought to market for the millions of global urban dwellers to utilize and enjoy.Packaging in general enables us to improve the quality of life by manufacturing items which can be essentially transported to any landmark of the globe, be it food, cosmetics, medicines, appliances, furnishings, electronics, etc.The increased urbanization of the globe is placing an ever increasing reliance on packaging as a means to support this explosion. The facts are that (Pongracz, 1998)150,000 individuals are added to the current urban population totals each day.35 years ago only one-third of the earths population lived in citiesIt is predicted that by 2025 two-thirds of the global population will be living in urban locales.The preceding translates into the fact that in 2025 more individuals will be living in cities than the entire population of earth just ten years hence.By 2015 there will be a total of 33 mega cities, each with a population count in excess of 8 million each, and over 500 cities with populations in excess of 1 milli on.The preceding population aspects dramatize the extent to which packaging plays in our daily lives and how it has influenced our mode of living. The indicated figures are made even more meaningful when one considers that Tokyo is a city of 27 overconfident million, and that Sao Paulo in Brazil has a population in excess of 16.4 million.Food packaging, as an example, economically utilizes resources that if prepared in another manner would result in massive waste. The processing and packaging of food permits the residues to be utilized as either feed for animals, food by products or fuel. It is estimated that food waste in under developed countries is between 20% to 50% as a result of either poor packaging and or preparation methods, and or the absence of packaging altogether. The foregoing becomes dramatic when compared against Europe where food wastage is approximately 2 to 3 % (Pongracz, 1998). The fact is we must increase our efforts at conservation as efficiencies not only in foods, but in all aspects of resources. It has been estimated that for each one share increase in the utilization of food packaging, the resultant waste decreases by approximately 1.6% (Pongracz, 1998).2.1 Packaging Content The ramifications of packaging encompass those desiring to have their products purchased, with those who are the objects of this activity and governmental regulation that is empowered to act in the best following of society. This triumvirate represents the real world factors which companies must consider if they desire to be successful in their long term interests. The dichotomy that exists as a result of the foregoing is as followsBusinessThe companies that manufacture products must be mindful of the ramifications of end use from not only a consumer and governmental perspective, but also in terms of competitor activities and their introduction of continued new, improved and innovative products. This playing field however is fraught with aspects that create a marketing environment that has resulted in increased rounds of governmental regulation. The FTC states (Vitamin Lawyer, 2005) Advertising claims based solely on traditional use should be presented carefully to avoid the implication that the product has been scientifically evaluated for efficacy.The purpose of the Food and Drug Administration is (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2005) protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veteran drugs, biological products, medical examination devices, our nations food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation.This broad mandate stretches far beyond the actual words used to comprise the agencys title, Food and Drug Administration. The FDAs mission statement goes on to add that is also assumes responsibility to advance the health of citizens in the United States by helping to hurrying innovations that make medicines and foods more effective (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2005), as well as helping the public to get the accurate, science based information they need with respect to the utilization of medicines along with foods for the purpose of improving their health.The counterpart of the FDA in Europe is the Food and Veterinary Office (FVO), and it is responsible for ensuring that Community (EU) legislation on food safety, animal health, plant health and animal welfare is properly implemented and enforced. (Food and Veterinary Office, 2005) The Food and Veterinary Office fulfills its mission through the forwarding of effective systems of control with respect to food safety as well as quality in the animal, plant and health sectors along with maintaining compliance of the European Union food safety and quality, plant and animal legislation concerning health for countries within the European Union as well as those exporting to the EU.Labeling and maintenance governance within the European Union consists of specific rules, guidelines and regulations for the labeling of food items to permit consumers to have comprehensive information with regard to the composition as well as contents of the products they purchase and to aid them in making informed choices. A recent change in the legislation in this area is the abolishment of the 25% rule that indicated it was not mandatory to list on labels the components of ingredients which were less than 25% of the final food total. This means that all ingredients must be listed and included as well as those which might cause allergies or intolerances(Food and Veterinary Office, 2005). The Food and Veterinary Office aim is to ensure that the consumer gets all of the essential information as regards the composition of the product (Food and Veterinary Office, 2005) along with the manufacturer and the methods utilized in storage and its preparation. The companies producing these items are free to provide whatever additional information (Food and Veterinary Office, 2005) they so desire as long as sa id additional information is not misleading and is accurate.The preceding means that companies are supposed to recite the truth about their packaging contents as required by the foregoing statements. Similar rules, regulations and guidelines can also be found for other countries end-to-end the world in varying degrees of specifics and governance, depending upon the laws in place. Unfortunately, companies do find means via which to bend, stretch and slightly circumvent these rules and regulations which basically keeps them within the letter of the law, but introduces elements of mix-up or uncertainty. Some examples of the preceding are illustrated by what is termed genetically modified organism or GMO. A genetically modified organism is one where the generic wine material has been changed utilizing techniques that are generally known as recombinant DNA technology (wikipedia, 2005). The foregoing enables the combining of DNA molecules from differing sources into one molecule in a rivulet tube situation.The controversy that exists in this instance is that some groups see this as meddling in nature. Their views are in spite of the many benefits that have resulted passim history from such scientific utilizations. Some consumer groups would prefer GMO be banned, while others want it stated as required labeling. On the international side there is no clear consensus with respect to the acceptability of GMO. The United States stance on this issue remains neutral while in Europe the position is that GMO has not proven to be safe, thus it is banned from importation or domestic manufacture (wikipedia, 2005). The preceding has led to some specific cases of misuse in the United States as cited by an FDA order to several food manufacturers to cease from indicating that their food products were GM free (Food Chemical News, 2001). The labeling practice that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration found to be misleading is that these companies were giving the misleading imp ression that their food products were safer than products made with GMO ingredients.ConsumerFaced with a plethora of purchasing possibilities in all manner of products, from food items to electronics, vehicles, clothing, toys, furniture and other areas, consumers are barraged with all manner of subtle advertising and replica tricks to sway them from one brand to another. Faced with these realities, companies employ subtle copy tricks to appeal to consumer sensibilities, as even a small difference can make a favorable increase in register sales. That image of a real strawberry on your favorite cereal package is not what is contained in the box, nor is the bread that states it is made from real wheat flour which is fortified with vitamins and minerals that build strong bodies in 12 ways(Crawford, 2004). In fact, the additional information contained on labels as a result of governmental regulation might actually be helping companies to promote their hype as few consumers actually re ad this information which is a part of everything they buy (Crawford, 2004). The amazing graphics, colors and packaging utilized for containers often convinces consumers to purchase it, rather than what is actually inside. The prior examples of Nesquicks new syrup bottle, and Purinas new woven container are illustrations of this point.An example of copy innuendo is reduced fat. Katherine Tallmadge, the national U.S. spokesperson for the American Dietetic Association, explains that Reduced fat does not mean low-fat (Crawford, 2004). Tallmadge (Crawford, 2004) goes onto explain that whole milk is comprised of four percent (4%) fat, thus a measurement of two percent (2%) of milk still contains five (5) grams of fat in each serving, thereby one is still getting forty five (45) out of a total of one hundred and twenty (120) calories which is fat. Tallmadge indicates that if one is seeking low fat then this means to purchase skim milk. The foregoing points out the detailed and precise in formation consumers need to have to read through the mountains of da

Excerpt from Ventilate :: Ventilate Short Stories Essays

Excerpt from airVirge, waited impatiently, choking on the thick haze of smoke that was created by illegal tobacco cigarettes. Virge hated the stale olfactory property of cigarettes he remembered the fit that his mother threw when they banned them. What did they call them? he wondered out loud. Cancer Sticks? But there was no cameras here, very few people level(p) knew about this place, only people like Virge. He remembered pretending he was a spy when he was younger. He and his parents would go out to dinner and he would insist that they had sit near a wall with a view of the door. Virge did this now, but he had a lot more reason too. The bar had crushed ceilings painted black. Black pyramids of acoustical deadening material occupied the space in-between the concrete I-beams that back up the floor above. Track lighting with tiny halogen fixtures cloud the ceiling, one per tcapable, giving ample light over the tables but keeping the room dark. This reminded Virge of pictures he had seen of stars in the sky. But they were only pictures he had never been able to see the stars through the thick haze of pollution that held steady vigil above the city. Old melody played in the bar, Pearl Jam, Virge recalled. A luck his father, used to play in the car during trips. Sometimes the bar keep Doug, a fat out of date guy, would announce he was going to educate his patrons with whatever high culture. This would be followed by some classical music he called the blues. Virge always thought Doug was a fuckchop and he never quite understood that music. Virge was delay for his agent, Pip. Pip was his connection to the cash paying clients, and he was useful in that respect. Virge didnt self-confidence Pip, he didnt trust anyone for that matter, but he found that blackmailing Pip bought him a lot of loyalty and a level of trust for Pip that he didnt have with anyone else. Finally, Pip slithered into the hold in opposite of Virge. Where the hell have you been Pip looke d near anxiously sweat glistened on his forehead. We got trouble Virge. That stuff you hacked last night has pissed of some really big people. Pip took a deep breather and reached under his coat and pulled out a ziploc bag of hand-rolled cigarettes. No one would touch it.Excerpt from Ventilate Ventilate Short Stories EssaysExcerpt from VentilateVirge, waited impatiently, choking on the thick haze of smoke that was created by illegal tobacco cigarettes. Virge hated the stale smell of cigarettes he remembered the fit that his mother threw when they banned them. What did they call them? he wondered out loud. Cancer Sticks? But there was no cameras here, very few people even knew about this place, only people like Virge. He remembered pretending he was a spy when he was younger. He and his parents would go out to dinner and he would insist that they had sit near a wall with a view of the door. Virge did this now, but he had a lot more reason too. The bar had low ceilings painted bl ack. Black pyramids of acoustical deadening material occupied the space in-between the concrete I-beams that supported the floor above. Track lighting with tiny halogen fixtures speckled the ceiling, one per table, giving ample light over the tables but keeping the room dark. This reminded Virge of pictures he had seen of stars in the sky. But they were only pictures he had never been able to see the stars through the thick haze of pollution that held steady vigil above the city. Old music played in the bar, Pearl Jam, Virge recalled. A band his father, used to play in the car during trips. Sometimes the bar keep Doug, a fat old guy, would announce he was going to educate his patrons with some high culture. This would be followed by some classical music he called the blues. Virge always thought Doug was a fuckchop and he never quite understood that music. Virge was waiting for his agent, Pip. Pip was his connection to the cash paying clients, and he was useful in that respect. Virge didnt trust Pip, he didnt trust anyone for that matter, but he found that blackmailing Pip bought him a lot of loyalty and a level of trust for Pip that he didnt have with anyone else. Finally, Pip slithered into the chair opposite of Virge. Where the hell have you been Pip looked around anxiously sweat glistened on his forehead. We got trouble Virge. That stuff you hacked last night has pissed of some really big people. Pip took a deep breath and reached under his coat and pulled out a ziploc bag of hand-rolled cigarettes. No one would touch it.

The Luddite Revolt :: European Europe History

The Luddite RevoltEngland at the Turn of the Century At the beginning of the 1800s England was heretofore largely an hoidenish country. Frank Ongley Durvall in his text, Popular Disturbances and Public Order in Regency England, states that over half the commonwealth was living in the country(12). In London in that location were over one million dwellers. Nevertheless, this citys population comprised only one-tenth of the entire population of England. Aside from London, most cities and towns contained only several thousand people, where the average dwelling size was between five to six persons. The transportation of products and people around the nation was limited in part by the fact that the English population was still predominantly dispersed throughout the countryside and that most goods were still being made locally. However another factor that limited transportation was its relative insufficiency of modernization. At the turn of the century England had yet to establish a r ailroad system. The primary means of shipping goods was either by boat using canals or by horse-drawn cart on roadways. Meanwhile, travelers depended upon either their feet or horse-drawn carriage to get them where ever they wished. As I briefly mentioned above during this outcome most industry was located in the country, with the majority of work taking place in the home work-shops of craftsmen. Any manufacturing plants that did exist at that time were body of water powered. These factories were usually small and only employed a handful of workers. The major industries at the beginning of the 1800s were textiles, hosiery, lace, iron mining and manufacture, ship building, and coal mining. Yet, agriculture was still the number one business, with some 35 percent, or more, of the populace of the island working in it(14). In many villages craftsmen would not only work making goods nevertheless would also cultivate small private lots. From these household plots they would harvest crop s for their familys consumption and for trade. If these craftsmen did not own their own plot they would join others in tending to a communal field from which all members of the community could partake of the harvest. Because of this agriculturally powered economy most businesses remained predominantly local. Business owners were usually residents of the town where their businesses were located, so that they had a actual interest in the prosperity and success of the town. This localization of business, along with industry, allowed for a harmonious connection to develop between the owners and their workers.

Essay --

In the late 1980s, the United States faced the first invariably possible threat of creating invincible guns an Austrian was intercepted in the airport carrying a fabricated Glock (type of handgun). The fabricated Glock is composed of strengthen plastic that was meant to defy airport admixture detector. In result congress passed the undetect equal gun ban. Although, the federal aviation administration concluded that the Glock wasnt deemed such a threat at present moment it was inevitable that we may face it again in the future. Today, on the twentieth century on May 10 2013 a learner Cody Wilson was able to throw an undetectable gun through the use of 3D printers, the Gun composed of variety of devices out of thousands of compressed plastics. It was reviewed and concluded operational the firearm enthusiast student at age 25 was able to create a handgun model known as the Liberator that fires eight rounds. In a couple of months Cody Wilson was able to build not only handguns but as well as high powered rifles such as the semi-automatic AR-15 from a 3D printer as well and possessed the same qualities as the liberator. Ironically, the AR-15 was the same weapon used in the Sandy hook shooting in Connecticut. Although no source discharge be found in the internet that the weapon had a connection with the enthusiasts creation, it is inevitable that 3D printing was expected to come about. It was first introduce for frolic purpose with the use of the television but it was not expected to be used to create weapons. Like any other innovation there go out always be pros and cons, the positive and negative in Cody Wilsons case, he has brought in our nation an opportunity for evolution towards the way weapons are created. A engine room that may strengthen our ar... ...eate an interruption to this policies, as of now a current bill is in process of banning magazines that can hold more than 10 rounds, a New York times journalist suggest with the progression of techno logy, in the next ten years the average household will no longer be for anything that can be manufactured through their 3D printer, which makes the possibilities limitless.In conclusion, the 3D printing can be compared to a double edge sword, depending on to whom the technology falls on, will determine the future. Though, it is convincing that such technology in the market will only take time before it falls to the rail at hands. Nonetheless, appropriate laws and guidelines are must in order to prevent such catastrophic event. As much as this technology may possess a threat to everyone, I am convinced that the 3D printing technology will lead humanity in a bright future.

Violence on Television Essay -- essays research papers

"There was murderers going around killing lots of people and stealingjewelry." This acknowledgment comes from the mouth of an eight year old girl afterwatching the evening news on television. The eight year old girl claimsthat she is panicked "when there is a murder near because you never know ifhe could be in town" (Cullingford, 61). A recent report from the National launch of Mental Health (NIMH) pools evidence from over 2,500 studieswithin the last decade on over 100,000 subjects from several nations toshow that the compiled evidence of televisions influence on style is so"overwhelming" that there is a consensus in the research community that"violence on television does lead to aggressive behavior" (Methvin, 49).Given that the volume of scientific community agrees that "the researchfindings of the NIMH publication support conclusion of a causalrelationship between television violence and aggressive behavior" (Wurtzel,21), wherefore is it that "the Saturday morning "kid vid ghetto" is the mostviolent time on T.V." (Methvin, 49), and that "despite slight variationsover the past decade, the amount of violence on television has remained atconsistently high levels" (Wurtzel, 23)? Why is it that, like the tobaccocompanies twenty years ago, the present day television broadcastingcompanies refuse to consent that violent films and schedule can and dohave harmful effects on their viewers (Rowland, 280) What can be done tocombat the stubborn minded broadcasting companies and to surmount the amountof violent scenes that infest the current air waves?The television giants of today, such as ABC, CBS, and NBC continue toair violent shows, because they make money off of these programs. Ingeneral, society finds scenes of violence "simply exciting" (Feshbach, 12).Broadcasting companies argue that "based on the high ratings, they aregiving the public what it wants, and therefore are religious s ervice the publicinterest" (Time, 77). Michael Howe states "We have to remember thatchildren and adults do enjoy and do choose to watch those programs thatcontain violence" (48). At the same time, however, we must to a fault rememberthe undeniable truth that "there is clear evidence between televisionviolence and later aggressive beh... ... tv set and the Child. London Oxford University Press,1958.Howe, Michael J.A. Television and Children. London modernUniversity Education, 1977.Lowe, Carl, ed. Television and American Culture. New York TheH.W. Wilson Company, 1981.Methvin, Eugene H. "T.V. violence the shocking new evidence."Readers Digest Jan. 1983 49-54.Milavsky, Ronald J., Ronald C. Kessler, Horst. H. Stipp, andWilliam S. Rubens. Television and hostility. OrlandoAcademic Press Inc., 1982.Palmer, Edward L. Children and the Faces of Television. NewYork Academic Press Inc., 1980.Pearl, David. "Violence and Aggression" Society Sept.-Oct.1984 17-23.Ro wland, Willard D. Jr. and Horace Newcomb. The Politics of T.V.Violence. Sage Publications Inc., 1983.Feshbach, Seymour and Robert D. Singer. Television andAggression. San Francisco Jossey-Bass Inc., 1971.Skornia, Harry J. Television and Society. New York McGrawHill Book Company, 1965.Time. "Warning from Washington Violence on Television isHarmful to children." May 17, 1982 77.Wurtzel, Alan, and Guy Lometti. "Researching TelevisionViolence." Society Sept.-Oct. 1984 22-31.

sausage making :: essays research papers

Making Sausage...The Steps to FollowWash your hands please1. Wash the meat in the sink with cool water, allow to run offCut the meat into smaller cubes, trim any excess gristle/sinew/connective tissue.2. Grind the meat (be careful with your fingers), if there are problems with the grinder, contact lens your teacher..Keep these hints in mind -1. dont force the meat through the grinder - it will grind at its own pace2. you may have to lay off grinding the meat to clean the discs and the blade occasionally, as there may be sinew caught around the blade3. Using the aliment processor - eggbeater onions if necessary4. Prepare your garlic - clean the heads of garlic (outside covering off), and break into individual cloves.Determine amount of garlic to addPlace in food processor, add 1 cup of waterprocess until minced5. Using a large bowl/pot/roaster , combine your recipe ingredients. It is critical that the ingredients are good mixed. Use your hands. Take turns within your group, if y our hands get too cold.6. To test your mixture - make a sample meat patty and fry it in a frying pan. Determine if any more seasonings are required.REMEMBER - your seasonings will be make out stronger with time. DONT OVER DO IT7. Place one sausage plate on the sausage tube that has been installed on the grinder. Place oil into the casing as well as on the sausage tube. Place the casing on the tube.8. Gradually add the meat mixture into the feeder compartment of the grinder. Tie a knot in the sausage casing after some meat has come out of the sausage tube. When the sausage link has reached the desired size leave 4" of empty casing, cut the casing and secure with a knot.