The Discovery of White Collar Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Discovery of White Collar Crime - Essay ExampleWhite strangler abuse tends to consult to crimes committed at a business by a businessman or woman, (Conjecture Corporation, 2011). Sutherland, in his December 27, 1939 speech, asserted the fact that when people are surrounding by individuals who have criminal behavior, they are more likely to get involved in criminal activities. This c bothed for the justice system to pose penalizations upon these washcloth collar criminals however, these punishments will be mush lenient from those given to violent criminals because purity collar criminals are not actually aggressive criminals who commit crime in series. Schlegel and Weisburd (1994, p.4) state that when Sutherland brought forward the concept, he was himself very much confused about the idea because he used words like respectability, high companionable status, and occupation, in his definition. ... ed either through computer or through paper, is often committed by people belo nging to the middle year or the upper class because people get influenced by their origins. And since they belong to high social status, the crime may go undetected and if at all detected, then the criminals are able to hire expensive lawyers to defend their cases and they are also kept in prisons that have minimum security measures. Thus, they enjoy freedom even in their prisons. Why a white collar crime is considered as less punishable than violent crimes is still questionable because many white collar crimes tend to be more harmful to the people. If a white collar criminal steals all the funds that included peoples savings of their lives, then the victims are made to lose everything if the money is not recovered. But they are still punished less and are given many concessions as compared to other criminals because they belong to a higher socio-economic status. According to FBI, White-collar crimes cost the United States more than $300 billion annually (Karri & Associates, 2006) . The concept of white collar crimes changes the way criminologists studied crime. Before this phenomenon, they looked at crime as an activity which can only be performed by street muggers and people belonging to turn down social class. But after this concept was introduced, the rich and the poor, all were considered equal in the case of criminal activities. Thus, Sutherland was able to bring the powerful people at an equal status with the poor in the eyes of the Court of Justice and made sure that the rich people do not escape punishment due to their powerful political connections and strong financial position. Sutherland and His Contributions Sutherland pondered upon the concept when he took his sociological

A World of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

A World of Art - Essay ExampleThe other the tri bung between Mary and Jesus represents the cup of the proceed grail. Look out the windows, one can fascinate the country side which is not congruent with the subject matter. He uses the technique of Chiaroscuro. It is dark in the elbow room and bright outside. It is interesting to note that he utilise the akin country side in his Mona Lisa painting which he completed in 1503. The colors used are green and orange(brown). There is symmetry with the large rolls on the table. Important paintings Perspectival study of the Adoration of the Magi (Art Authority) Pen and ink, traces of silver point and white on paper. winning to cipher his study in perspective of texture, the use of Chiaroscuro, the use of sienna to show white, the three dimensional by the fact that we can see the thickness of the steps and the pillars. the lines showing how everything is done in perfect mathematical dimensions then The Adoration of the Magi (Art Authori ty) oil on panel. The oil thing which remains from the perspective is the stairs and the pillars entirely they are quite distant. It was as though he used the study to do several painting. The texture is very primitive for a Leonardo da Vinci. The trees are 2 dimensional and Mary is in one color. Perhaps it is a question of aging. The people are half real. Titian, The hypothesis of the Virgin anoint on wood. A perfect study in vertical perception there is an incredible sense of movement, towards the heavens. In analyzing the lines, there are the two triangles with two parallel lines. The texture of the fluffiness of the clouds but also the heaviness the angles have of carrying Mary Profane Love a perfect contract between the Assumption and this perfect technique of Chiaroscuro. There is the light shining on her face and her hand. She is also looking at someone but we do not see him either. There is also the mirror which shows you something that the person in the painting doesnt see. This is a technique which began with Leonardo da Vinci. The texture of her clothes is magnificence Van Gogh, starry Night oil on canvas. It is not polychromatic though he does use a great deal of blue. He avoided using red. He uses hachure in the modern sense of the word. His brush makes short rapid strokes of the same color. The texture has very little dimension to it other than a little tour of the town. I would not call it two dimensional. Road with Pollarded Willows and A Man with a Broom (Art Authority) is from carbon, ink, and watercolor on paper. His texture is three dimensional. You can see the end of the road but you see the beginning of the impressionist school as the road slightly bends to the right. As he advanced in his training, he mixed different techniques each time of pencil and ink, or pencil, ink and water color to cite an example. He showed his being influenced from different schools. He painted 37 self portraits. It is documents that none of them look di rectly at the viewer but the Self Portrait 1887 looks straight on. His self portrait in the straw hat looks like a modern version of hatching. Jasper Johns, Numbers in Color uses the technique of pattern and polychromatic. He called his paintings of clusters crosshatchings (Johns) Grey numbers (Art Authority) is the same technique of patter without color Andrea Mantegna, The Lamentation over The Dead Christ 1494 tempera on canvas. The texture is three dimensional. He uses lines in one angle to gain depth to take away from the size of his feet. There is

Poetry Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Poetry Analysis - Essay ExampleYour absence distributed itself When I sat down in the armchairThe silent memories of the departed soul have made a strong impression on the poet who was pregnant at that time. She has expertly used the imagery in the text to capture the soul stirring emotional gap that is evident in the place and time that was once inhabited by him. Friends and relatives kept coming, assay to fill up the house the green hanger swang empty/ and the head of the table/ demanded a plate. People and acquaintances come voluntarily to visit the place and indemnify homage to a person who is so patently loved and who is present despite his physical absence. The poets use of the figurative speech, has correctly reflected the acute sense experience of loss one and all.Another very important feature of the poets text is that she has beautifully associated the death with the beginning of life that is growing inside her body. consort to her, the inevitability of the death and in consolable loss has brought for the ultimate truth of the universe. Death is final and one is totally helpless in front of it. The poet has compared this feeling of helplessness to that of the child who is still growing inside the womb of the mother and is totally dependent on her for his survival. Indeed the allegory of death and life is the philosophical monitoring device that it is a cycle that must be encountered by all. I lay down in the cool waters/ of my own womb/ and became the child/ inside, impeccant/ as a button, helplessly growing. The stark realities of the life are beyond our control and the poet has succeeded in expressing this ideological philosophy through the simple nomenclature by ending the poem with I slept because it was the only/ thing I could do. I even dreamed/ I couldnt stop myself.Those Winter Days by Robert Hayden, is a poem that shows that death has a strange way of acknowledging love that

Political Ideology Essay Example for Free

semi semi governmental governmental theory EssayAbstract Are these heady days for Nigerian governmental parties? This is the main question, which this idea addresses with accent on insurance policy-making ideology, being the first and most important vehicle of a semipolitical political party. It is argued that despite all pretences to the contrary through their manifestoes, as untold as the superficial classifications as the left and right, progressive and conservative, Nigerian parties count to be bereft of clear ideological commitments.This closedown is predicated upon the relegation of politics of issues to the background across the various republics, and in its place the ascendancy of identity and specie politics. Other factors include the rising magnitude of political vagrancy on the basis of selfish and parochial interests, the high level of political political party in see, absence/weakness of party cohesion and internal democracy, and the high mortality and disorder of party lead. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of this for Nigerias democratization and classless consolidation, before concluding with some recommendations. 1. Introduction.Are these heady days for Nigerian political parties? It does not seem so. Although, the decade of the 1990s witnessed the massive spread of what Huntington (1991) referred to as the third wave of democratization to Africa, including Nigeria, leading to an unprecedented resurgence of multiparty politics, t here(predicate) is no controversy intimately the fact that the mere adoption of party pluralism provide not automatically advance the ca physical exercise of democracy with step to the fore the institutionalization of certain institutional parameters to promote and sustain payable process in theory and practice (See, Bratton and Van de Walle, 1992 1997 Sorensen,612 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria 1993). One of the most complex and critica l institutions of democracy is political party. Political parties, as makers of democracy, establish been so romanticized that savants pay off claimed that neither democracy nor democratic societies atomic bod 18 thinkable without them.They not just now perform functions that are government related, such as making government accountable and exercising control over government brass and electorate related functions such as political representation, expression of citizenrys demand through interest articulation and aggregation as well as structuring of electoral choices but excessively linkage related functions, performing an intermediary and mediatory role amidst the government and the electorate (see, Moore, 2002 Lapalombara and Anderson, 2001 Simon, 1962).Following Omotola (2005a) and Egwu (2005), Saliu and Omotola (2006) ease up pointed out that political parties can only cope effectively with these responsibilities to the extent of their political institutionalization in hurt of structure, internal democracy, cohesion and discipline, as much as their autonomy. The element of party autonomy is very crucial.For, as Alli Mari Tripp has argued, and rightly so, those organizations that have maintain the greatest autonomy have generally been able to select their own leaders, push for far-reaching agendas, and involve themselves in politics to a greater extent than organizations that have been tied to the governing/or dominant party, either formally or through informal patronage net be givens (Tripp, 2001101). A note of caution is necessary here to avoid confusion. The relationship amongst political parties and the state is a complex unmatched.This is because it is the party that forms the government, the latter(prenominal) being the institution of the state. To now talk of a uncompromising demarcation between the two may be unrealistic. Yet, the relationship should be well defined such that political parties, peculiarly the one in power, as a critical segment of both the state and society, can enjoy some reasonable degree of societal autonomy, the absence of which poses serious threats to political liberalization, democratization and democratic consolidation (Tripp, 2001105).In such a situation, multiparty democracy can be adapted for the politicization of ethnicity and further 613 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria elite group enrichment encouraging a confrontational and divisive system (cf Dicklitch, 2002205). The import of the foregoing discussion, to take a cue from Saliu and Omotola (20062), is that the level of political institutionalization of political parties and their institutional strengths are directly correlated to their ability to discharge their ascribed responsibilities, and by extension, the strengths of democracy.When well institutionalized, political parties can serve as a set of mediating institutions through which differences in ideas, interests and detection of p olitical problems at a given time can be managed (Olagunju, 2000 Omotola, 2005a). However, when the reverse is the case, the democracy project and the general system stand the risk of sexual perversion and eventual(prenominal) breakdown. Whatever the case, it is important to note that at the very heart of the success or otherwisewise of political party is the important question of political ideology.The issue of ideology has been so central to the activities of political parties across time and space that Anson D. Morse (189676) has argued that ideology, being the durable convictions held in common by party members in respect to the most desirable form, institutions, spirit and course of action of the state, determines the natural attitude of a party towards every public question (cf. Iyare, 200481).In an incisive piece on political party convention, Richard Davies and Vincent J. Strickler (19961025) similarly argue that ideology functions as planks, that is, single issue statement s within the platform, the exact ideological orientation course of which is often used as a bargaining chip in seeking party unity. Here, the platform connotes a statement of the official party position on a variety of issues.Okudiba Nnoli (2003177-82) also concludes that ideology is a very crucial aspect of politics, not only by serving as a cognitive structure for looking at society generally and providing a prescriptive formula, that is, a guide to individual action and judgement, but also as a powerful instrument of conflict management, selfidentification, popular mobilization and legitimization. It may, in that respectfore, be correct to assert that the first and most important vehicle of a political party, down the stairs an ideal situation, should be its ideological billet. 614 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, NigeriaIn reality, however, this is seldom the case. Perhaps, due to the shallowness of democratic roots especially in the developing countries, other forces of identity particularly ethnicity and religion would appear to have taken the place of ideology. The rising influence of money politics represents some other crucial constricting dimension (see, Nugent, 2001a 2001b 2001c 1999 1995 Gros, 1998 Omotola, 2004). What is the situation with Nigerian parties? Put differently, do Nigerian parties have ideology? How has its ideological condition shaped and influenced the course of party politics in the country?The main thrust of this chapter is to critically engage these questions with a view to suggesting ways of reviving and raising the consciousness of Nigerian parties with view to the centrality of ideology to party activities and effectiveness. The paper is organized into a number of components. Firstly, it will analyze the place of ideology in political theory. The second substantive section situates Nigerian parties in historical perspectives, tracing briefly their origin and growth as a precursor to the a nalysis of the place of ideology in Nigerian parties across different epochs.The last substantive part of the paper, drawing on its immediate preceding section, engages the central question of whether Nigerian parties have ideology or not. It is argued that despite all pretences to the contrary through their manifestoes, as much as the superficial classifications as the left and right, progressive and conservative parties, Nigerian parties seem to be bereft of clear ideological commitments. This conclusion is predicated upon the relegation of politics of issues to the background across the various republics, and in its place the ascendancy of identity and money politics.Other factors include the rising magnitude of political vagrancy on the basis of selfish and parochial interests, the high level of party indiscipline, absence/weakness of party cohesion and internal democracy, and the high mortality and turnover of party leadership. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of t his for Nigerias democratization and democratic consolidation, before concluding. 615 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria 2. Ideology and Political Theory.Ideology represents a typically crucial element of political parties and their activities. It is a set of ideas about politics, all of which are related to one other(prenominal) and that modify and support each other. Though relatively enduring, it is yet a fighting(a) phenomenon, capable of being modified by new issues. It was in this stir up that Philips W. Shively (1997) defines an ideology as a continually developing, organized set of ideas about politics that helps us to make sense of the myriad of political questions that face use.For Okudiba Nnoli, ideology typifies a systematized and interconnected set of ideas about the socio-economic and political organization of society as a whole (Nnoli, 2003 178). The c formerlypt of ideology, is, historically, deeply rooted in political theory. A s a concept, it was coined by the late eighteenth century French philosopher, Destutt de Tracy (1754 1836). According to Nnoli (2003177), Destutt de Tracy used it to describe a new scientific discipline that systematically studies ideas, emotions and sensations the science of ideas.This conception has since changed and ideology has come to embody the ideas themselves. As a result of the changes, ideology has come to be presented as a proceeds representing two contradictory realities the good and the bad, the former depicting ideology as a system of thought that animates social or political action, and the latter as a misleading, illusory or one-sided criticism or condemnation (cf Nnoli, 2003178-79). This was the kind of debate that dominated political discourse in the midnineteenth century.For instance, in their The German Ideology, Marx and Engels (1960) took a swipe at Hegel and his-co-travelers, describing them as ideologists of the bourgeois system, not articulate about the material conditions of social and political life. Yet, they went ahead to articulate another conception of ideology establish on class analysis as a device for articulating the conflicting interests of different social classes (Nnoli, 2003178). 616 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria.From whatever perspective one looks as it, the reality of political life across political systems, developed or developing, is the fact of multiple political options from which inevitably, choice(s) must be made. At such critical crossroads, ideology provides a ready guide for appropriate action. Philips W. Shively posits that ideology is useful to people, both for their own personal rest and satisfaction and for their public political activities. At the individual level, ideology helps to make sense reasonably easily and quickly of the varied political questions that come to ones attention.In terms of its public utilities, it helps people to make persuasive argument s convincingly to enlist popular support for a given public policy (Shively, 199746 47). On the whole, therefore, ideology is an indispensable element of politics. It does not only serve as a major(ip) instrument of state power, playing major role in the acquisition, use and consolidation of power, but also functions as political lifeline for the animation of politics, forcing individuals and groups alike to make political plan, especially in the face of competing and conflicting divides, as between capitalism and socialism, during the Cold War.On these notes, Nnoli (2003181-83) summarizes the functions of ideology as that of providing A cognitive structure for looking at society generally, be serving as an explanatory and justificatory category for societal realities A prescriptive formula a guide to individual action and judgment as a basis for the legitimization of public polities when in conformity with popular belief An instrument of conflict management and the integration o f society by limiting the basic values and issues over which societal members and disagree A means of self-identification for the satisfaction of specific personality needs, a means of self-evaluation and social solidarityA dynamic force in both individual and collective commitment action for or against the ruling class or decision. That is, it provides a powerful basis for mobilization 617 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria Enhancement of the political appeals of a political party, by differentiating one party from another and Negatively, may serve not only as a serious impediment to national integration and suppress the underprivileged, but also to disguise authoritarian rule. This is because, it tends to provide individuals with imaginary avenues of escape from the raspy realities of social life (Nnoli, 2003183). It is important to note that ideologies do have certain defining attributes.Most notable among these include the fact that they are not plain the creation of those who hold them. Rather, they tend to take on a life of their own and guide the political views of their holders in unanticipated ways (see, Price and Sullivan, 1980 Freeden, 1996). In most cases, ideologies originate from seemingly irreconcilable antagonistic settings, tend to be exclusive, absolute and universal in character and can be personalized and cancelled into a sacred belief similar to religious beliefs. While it is not entirely permanent, it is, however, resistant to fundamental changes (see, Sibley, 1970 Nnoli, 2003 Enemuo, 1999). Some illustrations suffice.Across time and space, various forms of ideologies have emerged at different times, Marxism and not in the least, African socialism. For space constraints, we can not examine each of these here. It is however important to note that most of these ideologies do fit correctly to the aforementioned attributes. For instance, almost all such ideologies such as conservatism and socialism emer ged in situation of acute social strain, in response to liberalism and capitalism respectively. While liberalism emphasizes individualism (freedom, liberty), conservatism harps on collectivism characteristic of welfarist states.Despite their long history, attacks and counterattacks against each other, both liberalism and conservation sleek over remain prominent ideologies in western democracies particularly the United States of American and Great Britain (see, Rudolph, Jr. , 1996 Kay, 1976). Today, the emphasis in political theory is predominantly on democratic ideology.David Howarth 618 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria defines a democratic ideology as one involving the classification and analysis of different types of democratic ideologies, as they are articulated and function in concrete societies. It includes various democratic forms and institutions as capitalist/liberal democracy and radical democracy. It also reflects on the differences w ithin a given type such as direct and indirect variants of liberal democracy (Howarth, 2001 191-94).Essentially, democratic ideology centers on the way in which the language and blandishment of democracy function as a tool of ideological justification and legitimization by political elites and ruling classes. It also focuses on cultural and ethnical conditions for the becoming functioning of liberal democratic states and societies, requiring in the least, a belief in or at least an acceptance of democracy (see, Putnam, 1993 1995 1996).Above all, democratic ideology typifies the use of democracy by social groups and political forces to constitute their identities and advance their interests. Here, according to Howarth (2001193), democracy is itself a key ideological element in political mobilization and struggle, and is used to create political frontiers between differently located social groups and agencies. republican ideology therefore captures the whole essence of our theoretic al postulations on the centrality of ideology to the exploits of political parties. What needs to be added is that an umbrella party (Catch-All ships company) that seeks to appeal to diverse interests, usually by adopting a general or vague platform, may not necessarily stick to only one ideology and vice versa. This is the case in the United States where in the two dominant parties Democrats and countryan there are Liberals, Moderates and Conservatives. The reverse is the case in Great Britain where the Labour and Conservative parties are each highly centralized and less catch-all in nature than American parties (see, Rudolph, Jr. , 1996 1021).Yet, in either case, the parties are known for their well-defined and distinct ideologies. 619 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria 3. Origin and Growth of Nigerian Parties Philips, W. Shively (1997200) observed that although political party had turned to be useful for a variety of tasks that require cont rol or communication, it was first invented for more peculiar(a) and self serving purposes. This bill aptly captures the Nigerian reality. At its inception in 1923, precisely 24 June, 1923, following the introduction of the elective principle by the Clifford constitution, Nigerian parties had very limited and self-serving objectives.The main objective was perhaps, that of buying legitimacy for the colonial government through very limited franchise restricted to Lagos and Calabar. Richard Sklar, in his seminal work Nigerian Political Parties demonstrates articulately how the emergence of political associations such as the Peoples Union, was only in response to the prevailing realities of colonial administration (Sklar, 1963 Coleman, 1958). Little wonder, when the first political party in Nigeria, the Nigerian National Democratic troupe (NNDP) emerged in 1923, under the leadership of Herbert Macaulay, its activities were restricted to contesting elections into the Lagos city coun cil.For years, the UNDP was hegemonic in its dominance in electoral politics in the country. This was to be challenged by the Lagos Youth Movement latter Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM)- formed in 1934 and defeated the NNDP for the three seats allocated to Lagos that year. By 1944, the increasing tempo of nationalist agitation had resulted in the formation of another political party the National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (CNCN), under the leadership of Herbert Macaulay and later Nnamdi Azikwe (see, Sklar, 1968 46-50).This was followed, in quick succession, by the transformation of the Egbe Omo Oduduwa, a Yoruba sociocultural organization, into a political party, the Action Group (AG) in 1950 under the leadership of Chief Obafemi Awolowo and the Northern People Congress (NPC) in 1959 with dominance in the northern region.By 1951, a break extraneous faction of the NPC consisting mainly of radical youths based in Kano formed the Northern Element Progressive Union (NEPU). These pa rties dominated the political landscape of the country particularly in their respective regions in the 620 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria march towards independence and in the First Republic (see, Dudley, 1973 Sklar, 1963). Although the bit Republic (1979 1983) witnessed the emergence of more political parties, there was no much difference with what obtained under the First Republic.Rather, what happened was the reincarnation of parties of the First Republic under different nomenclatures with some additional parties. The parties included the National Party of Nigeria (NPN), the Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN) and the Nigerian Peoples Party (NPP) replacing the NPC, AG and NCNC, respectively. Others were the Peoples Redemption Party (PRP) and Great Nigerian Peoples Party (GNPP), and later Nigerian Advance Party (NAP), which was registered in 1982, by and by failing the first round in 1978 (Osaghae, 1998). These parties constituted major actors i n the Second Republic. Under the aborted one-third Republic, there was a fundamental change in the mode of party formation in Nigeria.This pertains to the official formation of parties by the state after a series of experiments with different political associations (see, Oyediran and Agbaje, 1991). The parties were the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC), the former being a niggling to the left and the latter a little to the right (see, Olagunju, et al, 1993216 Omoruyi, 2002). This development, executed after the dissolution of the thirteen associations that applied for registration has been as part of the grand design to execute a hidden agenda to perpetuate the military regime in power (Osaghae, 1998220). The eventual annulment of the 12 June 1993 presidential election by the military regime of general Babangida lends some credence to this claim.The country once again returned to multi-party democracy in 1999 following the transition inaugurate d and successfully completed by General Abdulsalm Abubakar. Initially, three political parties Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), the All Peoples Party (APP), later All Nigerian People Party (ANPP), and the Alliance for Democracy (AD) were registered by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). By declination 2002, the number of registered parties rose to thirty (30), while additional three 621 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria political parties were registered in January/February 2006 (see, Simbine, 2005 Onu and Momoh, 2005). This presupposes the opening up of the political space for democratic opportunities and development.But in reality, the opportunities associated with such openings are yet to be positively exploited for the political development of the country. This may not be unconnected with the scantiness of ideology that characterizes Nigerian parties, as will be demonstrated in the next section. 4. Nigerian Parties and Ideo logical Dispositions Let us begin with parties of the First Republic, that is, the NPC, NCNC and AG. Ideologically, the NPC was an fundamentally conservative and elitist party, while the AG and NCNC appeared to be progressive and welfarist, predicated upon socialist ideology. Even at that, it may be difficult to delineate the very ideological orientation of these parties.They, however, share a common feature of ethno-regional ideology, seeking to capture and consolidate power in their respective spheres of influence/region. They were also driven by a commitment to the nationalist struggle, though in varying degrees, against colonialism. The ambiguity as regards their ideological disposition can further be gleaned from the pattern of alignment between/among the parties. For example, the resolve of the NPC and NCNC, two ideologically incompatible parties, the former to the right and the latter to the left, to enter into the alliance that formed the government during the First republic attests to this. Scholars have pointed out that the alliance was a marriage of inconvenience, and would have been better between the AG and NCNC.Because the alliance was not informed by a commitment to a belief system and principles espoused by party ideology, it crumbled, sooner than expected, like a park of cards (see, Dudley, 1993 Post and Vickers, 1973 Olaniyi, 199787). In terms of ideological orientations, parties of the Second Republic would appear, safe for the GNPP, to be the reincarnations of the parties of the moribund First Republic. 622 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria For this and related reasons, there were no fundamental differences in party politics and activities, as the country was once again mired in a vituperative and vicious politics (Yaqub, 2002 125).This was graphically captured by the unprecedented pace of intra and inter-party factionalization and conflicts. Political vagrancy permeates the political landscape, leaving in its wake major realignments and coalitions among the parties (see, Osaghae, 1998139 44). Notably, the formation of the so-called forum of the progressive governors consisting of PRP, GNPP, NPP and UPN was unable to survive long, as the ruling NPN used its federal tycoon and patronage to attract decampees from other parties. Eventually, it succeeded in wooing the NPP of the East, in a manner reminiscent of the First Republic into an alliance, which like the earlier one, collapsed sooner than expected.The eventual breakdown of the alliance marked the beginning of internal crisis for the NPP, following the refusal of some of its top leaders particularly Mathew Mbu and Professor Ishaya Audu to resign their appointments in government (Osaghae, 1998140). Logically, it may be argued that if the parties had been guided by a clear commitment to a particular belief system and principles, much of the crisis and contradictions that characterized party politics under the Second Republic co uld have been averted. But, since the parties were motivated largely by ethnic competition for power through their respective ethnic champions, zero point more could have been expected. As Osaghae has argued, while the instrumentalist, to the attainment of this feat (1998144).The degeneration of party politics through political vagrancy, elite factionalization and weak institutionalization led to the military coup of December 31, 1983 that brought the Second Republic into an abrupt end. Yet, the NPP and GNPP appeared to be liberal in ideology with a strong belief in mixed economy the NPN conservative with emphasis on free market system and respect for traditional institutions.The PRP, a leftist and most radical party had a populist, antineocolonial agenda and advocates social transformation and income redistribution and the UPN the most disciplined, socialist/welfarist in orientation was based on the 623 J Shola Omotola, MS., Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria philoso phy of free education and heath misgiving delivery (see, Ujo, 200091-102 Osaghae, 1998118-122).The aborted Third Republic witnessed a new experiment in party formation, when for the first time in the history of party politics in Nigeria the government created and imposed two political parties on the system. Ordinarily, the existence of two political parties should represent two different ideological camps, as has been the case between the Labour and Conservative parties in Britain and Democrats and Republican parties in the USA. This was not the case with respect to the SDP and NRC in Nigeria.Although, while one was a little to the left and other a little to the right, nothing much differentiates the parties, at least not in ideological dispositions (see, Jinadu, 1995 Lewis, 1994 Oyediran and Agbaje, 1991 Adejumobi, 1997). Yaqub (2002128) had written about party politics under the Third Republic that The way incompatibility had been manifested in the two parties was not fundamenta lly due to serious ideological divisions (in any case, the manifestoes of the parties, despite phrase mongering of a little to the left, and a little to the right, did not articulate much programme differences), but to assert, that even if we are to borrow Babangidas words, the old lines of cleavages and aboriginal loyalties once again simply asserted themselves.If parties of previous republics were found wanting on ideological stance and commitment, those of the Fourth Republic are obviously worse. Omoruyi (20028) has renowned that the manner of origin of the parties does not fit into what we know from literature, their composition fluid and unstable, and can be viewed as mere instruments of transition from military to civil rule. And for the afterlife and with the prospect for more parties, they raise more questions than answers to the lingering political problems for Nigeria.According to him, the PDP, for example, draws its founders from all and sundry political persuasions c onservatives, radicals and progressives (Ghali Nabba, 624 J Shola Omotola, MS., Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria 2001 cf Omoruyi, 20028), most of whom supported the annulment of the June 12, 1993 presidential election and flirted with the military during the annulment and in the post-annulment period including some serving as ministers or members of the ING or as member of the Abacha undemocratic constitutional conference or as leaders of some of the five political parties set up and managed by General Abachas aides that finally endorsed him as the sole presidential candidate in April 1998 (Omoruyi, 20028-9). The APP did not differ in any respect as its founders also served as ministers or as aides in different parts of the country under Abacha.The AD that looks different was, however, affected by its inability to meet the federal character clause in the constitution and up till today remains essentially a Yoruba party. It was perhaps the foregoing faulty origin and doubtful foundations of these parties that have been largely responsible for their seeming ideological barrenness. Although, the PDP and APP (ANPP) were status quo parties, given their capitalist and conservative dispositions and the AD progressive and radical in appearance, none of them seems to have clear policy positions as a basis of popular mobilization and legitimacy of their actions. Judging by their activities, it has been observed that theres almost nothing to chose, between PDP and other parties in terms of ideological learning (Iyare, 200492).Simbine (2002200523) has also observed that the manifestoes of the first three political parties were essentially the same in guinea pig, as they were not crafted differently, and the strategies for achieving objectives did not differentiate parties from each other. In a seeming self-indictment passage, Jerry Gana, a former Minister of Information and PDP stalwart observes In terms of cohesion and firm ideological learning, there i s a problem but PDP will be transformed, PDP will be strong, PDP will be strengthened ideological, PDP will be more organized, PDP will be in power for 30 years (quoted in Iyare, 200494).625 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria Given the obvious scantiness of ideology that characterizes the first three political parties of the Fourth Republic, PDP, APP and AD, it should not be surprising that almost all the other parties that sprang up or broke away from them did no do so because of ideological disagreements.Neither was it that they have articulated alternative views of governance for sustainable democracy and development as a practicable basis of popular mobilization to wrestle power from the incumbent party. Rather, they were products of adversarial elite behaviour taken to the points of irreconcilability. Little wonder, these parties also have no ideological stance on major national questions other than the transformation and manipulation of f orces of identity particularly ethnicity and religion (see, Simbine, 2005). The implication is that the so-called political parties are not in competition with one another.They are in factions these factions are more in competition within themselves than with another party (Omoruyi, 200217). An informed observer and consistent scholar of Nigerian politics captures the scenario thus Unfortunately, the succeeding generations of party leaders, despite having their forbearers legacies to draw from and better educational background into the bargain, have not demonstrated this perspicacity.

Ethical Implications of Cloning and Stem Cell Research Essay Example for Free

Ethical Implications of Cloning and Stem Cell Research EssayBio-medical breakthroughs in the fields of genetic and tissue engineering hold great promise. However, as modern medicine advances, it often poses major ethical issues on which people be seriously divided. The argument in favor of proceeding with research at unrestrained pace is mainly advocated by scientists and medical experts who would like to see some fantastic therapeutic benefits that science promises in the form of understructure cell technologies. Scientists are absolutely thrilled by the possibilities looming on the horizon (Thompson, Harrub 2001c). On the other(a) side of the debate are people, sometimes led by religious groups, who are concerned we may going in like manner far too fast, utilise unacceptable means and in unknown directions. Stem cell research has the greatest potential for saving lives, but is controversial for its research based on embryos and fetuses (Rickard 2002). Stem cells are immat ure and un specialise cells that that possess both the capacity to renew themselves indefinitely as well as the capability to differentiate themselves into specialized and mature cells.Mature cells, such as the hearts myocytes or the livers hepatocytes, stop dividing after several dozen divisions, while stem cells can keep on dividing indefinitely, either renewing themselves or bringing out specialized cells. There are four types of stem cells in the world body 1) adult stem cells, 2) fetal stem cells 3) embryonic stem cells, and 4) nuclear transplant stem cells. For the first three months of pregnancy, a fertilized cell, or zygote, divides and grows in the mothers womb and is referred to as an embryo.The embryos stem cells are the precursors of the development of a complete gentlemans gentleman baby. They produce every last(predicate) of the bodys various 100 jillion cells. It should become possible to use embryonic stem cells to regenerate both type of cell that the body need s. When the embryo assumes an apparent benignant body form, it becomes a fetus. Because the fetus is growing rapidly, all tissues and organs, including the brain, contain stem cells. It is for this reason that stem cell researchers are interested in studying fetal tissues.Studies suggest that benevolent embryonic stem cells puddle immense potential in terms of developing into multiple tissue types and long-term self-renewal. Therefore, stem cell research entails the wise to(p) creation of human embryos in the highly artificial context of an IVF clinic, using copy techniques, and discarding them after their use for research is exhausted (Thompson, Harrub 2001a). The question to be resolved is whether research on embryonic stem cells constitutes a violation of fundamental human respectables, in particular the principle of respect for human dignity and the right of life.However, many believe that conception/fertilization is non a moment but a process, and the early development does non indicate true identity element in any sense of the word, and therefore there is violation of human rights. The promise of embryo research, liberal-minded people tend to think, is too real to ignore any longer by sticking to conservative attitudes that stand in the face of pragmatism. And yet, even they would flinch at the possibilities of reproductive cloning.The difference between therapeutic cloning using embryonic stem cells (stem cell research) and reproductive cloning is the distinction between creating cloned body tissue or organs for therapeutic purposes and creating cloned human beings. fruitful cloning is generally viewed as morally abhorrent because it is seen as unnatural and a commodification of human life, and it captures public fears about the power of science to pursue a eugenic agenda.When governmental organizations of today debate ban on human cloning, the main issue in such debates would be whether to ban outright all forms of embryo cloning, which a t rope of countries seem to support, or to permit the cloning of embryos for research purposes (therapeutic cloning/ stem cell research) while outlawing human reproductive cloning. alike reproductive cloning, there is another untoward ramification to therapeutic cloning, which is cloning for enhancement.The issue of using advances in stem cell research for the purposes of enhancement, as against exclusively therapeutic purposes, opens up a Pandoras box of all kinds of complications, ethical, social, psychological, philosophical and practical. For instance, stem cell approaches might help to cure Parkinsons patients, but, in the not too distant future, they could also be used to improve brain functions. Rich people would be able to afford this therapy and poor people would not. This could create a most undesirable stratification of the society.But where does therapeutic cloning end, and enhancement cloning begin even if cloning was advanced for purely therapeutic purposes, it would concisely spread into the domain of enhancement. This is the argument of slippery slope commonly advanced against all biomedical research involving genetic and cellular manipulation. Last but not least, thanks to the promise that genetic engineering and human cloning research hold, the prospects of achieving capabilities for indefinite life extension even within the next twenty to xxx years are very high (Thompson, Harrub 2001b).The consequences of physical immortality for whole populations are simply inconceivable. But today, the possibility of human race becoming permanently unfading looms uncomfortably close to us. Therefore it becomes imperative that something be done to stem the advances of genetic and cloning research before the situation goes out of hand. A number of states have already enacted specific cloning-ban legislation, either banning the cloning of humans or imposing a moratorium on cloning within the state. Other states have taken action at least to consider form ally similar legislation.At federal level, the valet de chambre Cloning Prohibition Act of 2003, which bans the process of human cloning for any purpose and the importation of any product derived from an embryo created via cloning, was passed by the U. S. House of Representatives on 27 February 2003. It was not ratified by the senate though. The Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2005 bans only reproductive cloning while allowing therapeutic cloning. To date, federal regulations only prohibit federal funding for research into human cloning (Cash 2005).Though the science of bio-medical engineering is making rapid strides, and offers the promise of unveiling radical new therapies, simply the fact that a technology exists does not imply that anyone who can pay for it can be automatically allowed to use it. This is because the emerging genetic and cellular techniques and technologies raise all kinds of issues, ethical, philosophical, social, psychological and so on. They deal with them implications very difficult even to comprehend.

Black Panthers Party Essay Example for Free

Black panthers Party EssayThe American trance can just be a simple dream to many Americans particularly for the whites who ar employed in some refutable companies. But this is not the case for the African-American. The American dream was simply to own a house and a little plot of land and a clean and descent place to live. Simple as it may sound but the broad majority of the African Americans were excluded from that dream. During the period in which Frederick Douglas lived, the condition of the blacks were dehumanizing (Hubbard, 2007, p. 86) and Douglas himself experienced this dehumanizing condition as slave in the American S forthh from his birth in 1818 to his sidestep from the North in 1838 . Up to the early 1900s men such as Riis and Du Bois signify upon the rising kindly consciousness of whites and blacks in America as they focused on the dispossessed classes of American (Hubbard, p. 90). From these, it appears that the main theme of American dream during this period was not simply to own a house and a split of land but it also include the social conditions between the blacks and whites.It means of the dehumanizing conditions of the black because of the social discriminations. Both Douglas and Du Bois fought for the abolition of slavery. According to Joseph M. Flora, Lucinda Hardwick Mackethan, and Todd W. Taylor (2002) stated that in his 1845 communicative that every tone was a testimony against slavery (p. 19). The main themes of the American dream have to do with integration of the black American into the society with out discrimination for their being colored people, and the experience of the blacks as fellow human being in terms of social and economic factors.In fact, this was the very order of business of notable black leaders such as Du Bois, and Douglas. The mountain lions movement in the 1960s was also aimed at drawing public attention as to the social and economic condition of the black community. Charles Earl Jones (1998) noted, In the heart of Black communities with Black lynxs Party (BPP) affiliates, Panthers implemented numerous survival programs that fed, clothed, and provided medical services to community residents (p. 1).However, the Panther was viewed by the authorities as outlawed paramilitary organization. Has the dream become more accessible since the time of those writers? Obviously not during their time The existence of the Panther in the 1960s up to the eighties was a clear indication that the American dream of the early writers such as Douglas and Du Bois was never attained. As a matter of fact, the resurgence of the Black Panther Party ideology provides a forum for progressive politics in the Oakland Bay Area (Jones, p.2). The rekindling of the interest in the BPP implied the condition of the blacks to remains socially and economically depressed. But it should be noted that condition have improved considerably, since then as more and more blacks are becoming socially visible and actively in volve in societys prominent activities. What has happened since the time of writing to create the current state of the give away for this groups or individuals?There have been many developments that had taken place since the time of those black intellectuals that created the current state of the issue for this group. Notable was the founding of the BPP which was a mathematical group political party that was supposed to attract public attention to promote awareness about the condition of the black community. However, the party became outlawed and was relegated to radical paramilitary organization. Another important development was the change in social atmosphere for the black community as they can now actively engage in social and political activity.Black Individuals like Barack Obama, Oprah Winprey and famous sports personalities such Kobi Bryant, Michael Jordan and other black basketball players and those in other sports indicate that blacks finally gaining acceptance and recogni tion thereby achieving American dream. Reference Flora, M. J. MacKethan L. H. Taylor, T. (2002) The Companion to Southern Literature USA LSU Press Hubbard, D. (2007) The Souls of Black Folk USA University of Missouri Press Jones, C. (1998) The Black Panther Party (reconsidered) Reflections and Scholarship. USA Black Classic Press.

Analysing The Hotel Industry Of Singapore Tourism Essay

Analysing The Hotel Industry Of capital of Singapore Tourism EssayIntroductionthe hotel intentness of Singapore is suitable and adoptable for reasoned-natured of customers having right from the minimum budget to star identifyd. The challenges exists in the Sing htl ind is purely found on the price, location and convenience because all the facilities are mostly provided by all the hotels so it is very difficult for the customers to divers(prenominal)iate the return provided by the hotels.Since it is hooligan to variediate the service rendered by the hotels, legion(predicate) hotels are involved in cr use uping a niche mart, wish providing unique facilities to the customers for example honeymoon packages, specialists holidays, etc.The Singapore hotel industry experiences a very high growth site in luxury travel foodstuff, high -end travelers market and family travel market in the past months.The recent economy reveals the restaurant sector has market Growth rate of sixtee n percentage because of the increase in the consumer spending on sit down meals. The eating come forward habit has become a life appearance for the youth and even for the spunk aged married couples with their children and these aspects stresses on the importance of healthy food. Nowadays, the consumers are expecting different styles of food and drink from the various parts of the mankind and all these shows if the hotel provides a variety and healthy food and drink, it will be able to attract more(prenominal) customers in the future.The Singapore travel and tourism market shows a high growth by having the occupancy rate of 90% in the past one year. The Singapore governments effort in providing low apostrophize service airlines and its efforts to triple the tourists to Singapore in the coming up years. The 30% increase in the trade conferences and exhibitions conducted in Singapore has also revealed that the hotel industry in Singapore has very good pipeline opportunities in the coming up years and if proper, good development strategies are adopt by the hotels, they will be able to earn a extended market share in turn more acquire.Backgrounds. The MHCCH is located in three acres of prestigious priming coat in Singapore. The hotel is very near to the tourist attractions like a theme park, a museum, etc. The management has made many changes in the infrastructure facilities of the hotel by adding luxury bedrooms, a bistro a saucer salon .The hotel has also purchased a land near to that for expansion and modernized the hotel for creating new-fangled business opportunities. In establish to give a luxurious appearance for the hotel, the management has created a new spacious foyer and the hotel has also started a beauty salon to offer beauty treatments to its customers.Problem of the caseBy analyzing the scenario of hotel industry, i under draw back SWOT psychoanalysis of the hotel MHCCH and befriend the newly joined partner of MHCCH to select the be st strategy out of the below mentioned strategies namely sell the cash dismay, undertake no serious steps or undergo diversification in business so that he will be in a position to convince the other partners of MHCCH.In this case , the challenges in the external and intragroup environment industry and the analysis regarding the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of the MHCCH is to be done.In the second part of the study, with the help of utilizing Ansoff matrix and Porters Grid, how the management discount improve the pull ahead in the next two years and for that what strategical decisions it has to take are discussed.Challenges in the micro and macro environmentBusiness environment is classified into three environments namely Internal environment, Market environment and external environment.Many variables which are existing in the internal and external environment affects the company (MHCCH) either positively or negatively. So before pickings strategic decision s, it is grievous to analyze these environments to find out the factor which highly influences the customers of the hotel industry.The following table localisees on the key factors of the three environments.MicroEnvironmentMarket Environment bigEnvironmentVision, Mission, Objectives of the HotelClimateAssetsCapability of the managementConsumersSuppliersCompetitorsIntermediariesSocialTechnologicalLegalPoliticalEconomicPhysicalThe main challenges which need to be assessed in the internal and external environment are that hotel has to concentrate on different type customers like corporeal guests and other kind of guests like nature lovers, family oriented and managing the hotel to transfer these customers becomes a challenging work in the field of marketing. So in distinguish to delight these consumers, the hotel should monitor the changing expectations of these customers and should try to delight them.The employees of a hotel good turn a major role in attracting the customers. The hotel should try to recruit skilled persons because the quality of service rendered by the employees acts as an important factor in delighting the customers. So getting skilled and qualified employees is another challenge in the hotel business environment.The hotel should try to have good suppliers (Electricity, soft drinks carbonated water, Perfumes, cosmetics other toilet preparations, different kinds of liquors, Soap and detergents, etc) who provide products/ services with good quality and good intermediaries who are in direct contact with the customers before they enter into the hotel.Apart from these challenges, the hotel should also centre on the socio- cultural changes (changes in the preferences of the customers), political changes (changes in the law), and technological changes (providing variety food, appearance of the hotel, introducing packages, etc,).SWOT AnalysisBefore selecting a strategic option for the marketing plan of MHCCH, the hotel should do SWOT analys is to find out its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.Strength deals with the hotels core competencies and the weaknesses of the hotel deals with the present drawback which has to be rectified in order to capture the customers in the future. Strengths and Weaknesses mainly focus on the factors which are fully under the control of management and the opportunities and threats focuses on the business environment. Opportunity deals with the market which yields more profit to the hotel that is the area to be covered by the hotel to earn more customers in turn more profit. Threat deals with the factors which are to be considered seriously before taking any business decision. SWOT analysis of MHCCH is discussed below.Strengths of MHCCHThe employees of the hotel are having good experience in customer care in order to provide quality service the MHCCH has invested a lot in changing the appearance of the hotel and in providing different styles of food and also already the MHCCH is having satisfied customers ( revealed in the table non-business guests occupancy rate). The hotel is situate very close to other entertainment locations.The credit worthiness of the hotel is high that we slew take the fund from bank in order to do the made performance of the hotel.Weaknesses of MHCCHCorporate and family non business guests occupancy rate is low and so the company has to invest a lot in adding facilities to the hotel.Opportunities of MHCCHNowadays consumers like to eat outside in restaurants rather than before and they dont hesitate in spending more money tasting different varieties of food. Eating out style of the youngsters and middle aged married people has become very common. Singapore governments decision to triple the investment in the tourism industry shows that there are large opportunities for MHCCH to capture more customers and in turn to improve profit.Threats of MHCCHCompetitors are the major threat of MHCCH. Due to the lack of differentiation in the hotel industry, the competition is fully based on the price, location and convenience. The hotel has to face competition from the hotels of same infrastructure and also from motels. The hotels which are dealing with niche markets will also acts as a good competitor for MHCCH. In order to attract the customers of different age group, the hotel has to focus on changing the appearance of the hotel, providing food of different countries, etc costs more but hush up the hotel has to invest and at the same time the hotel cannot fix a high price for its services because the competition mainly focuses on the price. The hotel has to focus on the packages too because the small hotels may capture the market by providing specialized facilities in one area alone like for example honeymoon packages alone. endThus the challenges in the micro, market, macro environments of hotel industry are discussed. The SWOT analysis revealed that the MHCCH has more strengths and opportunities when compared to weaknesses and threats. Since the opportunities are high, revealed by increase in the market growth rate and the capacity of the MHCCH to raise fund from the banks and the availability of space for further expansion activities to be carried out by the MHCCH is good and with this strength, the MHCCH has more power to capture the market share. The MHCCH need not worry about the threats posed by the competitors if MHCCH have an eye on competitors price and variety of services provided by them. So with the help of its strengths, the MHCCH can move forward to attract more customers.b) Ansoffs MatrixThe Ansoff matrix is a technique that aids people in the business field to take decisions regarding product development and market growth strategy.Ansoff matrix focuses on the new products and the product already in the market in order to increase the profit of the business.The Ansoffs 3* 3 box grid or matrixMarketsMarket organic evolutionPartial variegationDiversificationMarket ExpansionL imited DiversificationPartial DiversificationMarket PenetrationProduct ExpansionProduct growthProductsThe major four boxes are Market Development, Market Penetration, Product Development and Diversification.Market PenetrationIt suggests the business people to focus on existing customers and on their own products what they are producing currently. If the business person adopts this strategy then his major objectives will beImprove the market share of current products by fixing lower prices when compared to the competitors, advertising and sales promotion, etc. There are many advantages in introducing low prices , they are capturing more market and the low profit earned by the existing players makes the new entrants to have fear in first the business in that sector. The MHCCH can go for introducing lower prices for the services but it should not incur any loss. The price reduction strategy to be adopted by MHCCH will not yield any benefit because already the hotel is having good occ upancy rate in the case non business guests. And also the hotel is cooking to invest a lot in the improvement of the hotel, so all these costs will be reflected in the price of the services rendered by the MHCCH. eve though the price war exists among the players of the hotel industry, for MHCCH, since it is having loyal customers, it is better to go for introducing new packages for the customers, rather than reducing the price.Market DevelopmentIt suggests the business people to focus on new customers and the existing products. Finding out new customers for the product. The MHCCH can also go for identifying the new customers like honey moon packages, etc.Product DevelopmentIt suggests the business people to focus on the existing customers and new innovative products.(MHCCH) can focus on this aspect. it can select the last option qualify in the case, expand the business by investing in buying an external property that means the expansion of a bar or restaurant to capture the custo mers. By providing healthier, tasty and variety food style and drinks to the different country people, the MHCCH will be able to capture more customers (corporate guests) fromdifferent countries .And also the table revealed that the corporate guests occupancy rate is very low and so by implementing the above mentioned facilities, it will be able to capture more corporate guests and if they are satisfied ,the corporate guests will come and stay with their family, profit will be improved.DiversificationIt suggests the business person to focus on the new customers and the new products that is entering into an entirely different field. Business people will take up this strategy when they want to diversify the risk of loss in the existing business. This case revealed that the competition is more and there are more prospects to earn a very high profit.Selling a cash cow and entering into diversification is not good because this hotel business itself has lot of prospects which is revealed by the Singapore governments decision to spend more than $4 billion in order to attract more and more number of tourists to singapore. So its good for the MHCCH to be in the business rather than diversification.Porters GridThreats of New EntrantsMore number of business conferences and meetings are being held in Singapore. the occupancy of hotel room rate being as high as in the past few months, Government of Singapore effort to improve the tourism industry attracts more players into this field. Infrastructure facilities, scale of economies and differentiation of product may act as entry barriers and so the MHCCH has to focus on these aspects.Bargaining Power of BuyersPresence of more competitors in the Singapore hotel industry makes the consumers to demand more from the hotels regarding price, quality and innovative (variety of food, other facilities, etc) products. From the case, it is revealed that a tough competition occurs in the Singapore hotel industry, price plays a major rol e and its root cause is the customers expectation regarding quality and price and this strengthens the buyers power.Bargaining Power of SuppliersThe hotel industry is having a very high relationship with the other industries and so the supplier bargaining power is high in the hotel sector but if the competition is more in the other industries too then the supplier bargaining power can be reduced in the hotel industry and it is essential to study still more regarding the prevalence of competition in the suppliers industries.Threat of substitutes products / servicesThe economic hotels and motels may be the threat for the product of the substitute to MHCCH but concentrating on factors like fast food establishments which includes the surrounding environment, services provided by the catering department at the affordable price.ConclusionSince the corporate guests occupancy rate is very low, the MHCCH can focus on the area of amenities and services provided in order to capture more custom ers and in turn to improve profit.The MHCCH can go for providing different styles of food in order to attract the customers from foreign countries.According to my views , I suggest the MHCCH to select the last option expand by investing in external property and after getting some returns it can slowly move on to the third option -expand by investing in the site. The MHCCH can carry out the survey in order to search new facilities expected by the customers and also what the MHCCH s competitors are doing to attract the customers and based on the results the MHCCH can decide the strategy to be adopted by the hotel in future.Since there are a lot opportunities in the hotel industry, the MHCCH can go for devising investments in order to earn profit in future. The MHCCH can convince the other partners by explaining the payback period of the investments to be made by it.