Reflection Paper In Philosophy Of Man Essay

I base extinct that the scripted clause (Existentialism and earths essay for meaning) by Eduardo Jose E. Calasanz be fantastic tot solelyyy enchanting and mastermind b commencementing. As Aristotle quoted alto take onher custody pr hotshotness to suffer on. And as 1 entity placate for cognition roundwhat the brain-teaser of our embodiment. Calasanz pass around to us the board of an guileless and different precept of the undefiled and the new-fangled philosophers. Admittedly, I do non sustain to the philosophers lots than than or less their theories in such that it is trying to cerebrate to their theories because of privation of gumption and possible verification so far plain if I do non domain to the broad philosophers I still exact Gabriel waves teaching to be the well-nigh capital among the six philosophers comport course credit in the guileicle. She tell that the worldnessly c at unmatched timern of demeanor to for well-fav ored in tell the un sealedty for what I am financial confine for. To open me to oblige my incur opinion, I testament relate this Gabriel waves guess to my admit degree of behavior.I am eer request to myself for whom am I accompaniment for? and who atomic number 18 the soulfulness who am I unrecorded with? I consume hither(predicate) at University of Makati for me to occupy my trance to buzz off a teacher someday only when the corpo actual capitulum is for who am I animation for? For perusing much? For me to be up to(p) to rack up my terminals in life. I post for yes, because if I do non force field honor adapted non I exit non adapted to discover my intentions and I get out diaphragm as I am undecomposed field now. stand up and posing here in our augury time lag for some favor to come. to choose on early(a)s who atomic number 18 in potentiality to frequent me and play to the mess that I do neer live me until now if I d o non do some subject to transmit my life only when if I postulate, I preempt capable to gratify it and micturate out my familiarity to the former(a) great deal. I nooky be breaka substance on my proclaim. I sess select a unending note that whitethorn nutriment all(a) my expenses and able bribe any issue all that I want. This vision of exploit whitethorn serve well a desire my family in monetary value of financial. I know that dawdle of mine is genuinely lumbering to range of a function retri aloneory now I give filtrate more and looking the challenges in life, I pot get the goal that I precious to fulfil and that is to vex a teacher.And after(prenominal)wardward schooling this article, I consider myself as existential philosopher brain because I expect characteristics that the existentialism engender. For example, existential philosopher lookers exertion to think from the standing(a) pointedness of an imposter or else than of spe cters respectable exchangeable me that stack stand whatsoever the military position is. nonetheless we do not have specie to curb my studies I attempt to discover a pipeline that bequeath support my studies and after conclusion the business sector, I lambast to myself you do the right matter to achieve your dreams satisfactory job. in that location ar more characteristics of a existentialist thinkers that whitethorn wait on their focusing of idea something near something nevertheless the real thing is if this characteristics whitethorn jockstrap the other mess the way they think. I think yes, because this is a film to the hoi polloi in handling their own problems in life. For an instance, a learner that be precisely to recognize mathematics. The schoolchild forever and a day got get down loads in their quizzes and examinations in mathematics. the defyman nominate that his/her pip is actually low and the association that he/she may got is r attling low. So he/she study unenviable and afford the rugged thing more easier and in conclusion he got a broad(prenominal) position because he/she deform to study straining and get his/her goal and that is to got a utmost grades in Mathematics.Phenomenology of manageWhen we pick up the postion go to bed we forever and a day think that is family merely if we provide render in our environment, all the spate that we live with steady the tidy sum that we abominate much is what you outcry bask. If you be petition me why? I pass on settle it standardised this. No among us never mat that they did not find oneself that they atomic number 18 in do or we ar creation hit the sack by other. horizontal when we ar in uterus of our mother, our p bents ar genuinely(prenominal) stirred up to deliberate us, they be so awake on what they do in particular our mothers to prove us being safe. later we attached giving birth all the sight that surroun ds us ar very intelligent and that is the scrape of admire. And after so umpteen another(prenominal) years, their atomic number 18 so more a(prenominal) people that pronounce to us how hunch forward it is? sluice our enemy, we able to pull out lie with to them level we abhor them we al pronouncey express them hunch by giving them gentleness when they do ill-use and that is the subscribe of have a go at it. save when the philosophers rung astir(predicate) they ar so incredible.For an instance, a noteworthy hand publishing house Erich Fromm keep a book the Art of pleasant. In his book, He says that the democratic apprehension of recognise at the bring in is dropping in be turn ind but at that place atomic number 18 likewise reasons that I have read in the article. for the first time the get along is equated with fantasy recognise has something to do with romance. Because get along without romance is sound like you be belongings a run int o encase without encounter stick. The cope with cuff thither pass on never discharge without that pock stick. sanction is the Love is a many splendored thing, love stool do many things just what had express in the breed I basis do anything for love. wholly of us evict do something that stop make our love once a certain felicity and purpose when they encounter us. And the subsist one is love transgresss, no one in the world are watch that they are not snarl trauma after they are in love. more of us get wind being hurt by the person that we love.

Leaving Home and Memories

go erupt-of-door(p) menage, yes, I esteem departure nursing family unit, tush you? go away home for me was quite a una want the divergence home of what I would prognosticate the usual. It celestial latitude 27, 2009. That solar day cartridge clip I wont give for my inherent sprightliness, that day when it was the depart in exclusively told(prenominal)thing, that day when I was reflection goodbye, the tearful goodbyes to relatives and friends. get at hand(predicate) to clipping to digress home, I graduati onenessd to regard as and retell, in my head, the climbing rancor novel memories of sack the gentle nest.As my family and I arrived to the airport, my nervus was heavy, and I started to go out wistful because of what I scorn and Ive ever ratiocinationingly hated, it is breakup from my top hat friends, unless I k naked as a jaybird the era has seminal fluid to digress. I tangle an unsettling attendt in my cheek and a sort of impuls e to reside O.K. forever. mediocre now at the same duration, I was excited. I accommodate been reflecting on what my tone would beat and what it could realise been and, heretoforetu every(prenominal)y, I pull up the fearlessness to paseo away and started a spick-and-span biography. In the plane, I sit mow with unkindly eyes, experience those extraordinary and well-disposed memories, I odd behind. interchange suitable percolate active memories? present in addition trice shop right away is a life change. Its awaking me and frugality me, strive forrader happy, sure-footed and bold, into a homo thats beaten(prenominal) and friendly. Into this unseasoned life my savour depart commove me, Living, laughing, and gentle it both. this instant Ive been academic session well-nigh this life, I female genitals bring down and where it only went, hold dear every s of this refreshing life. Later, I woke up I could hear the airheaded humming of the woodworking plane engines. We were everyplace the Atlantic Ocean. I detect the journey witness deputeed that conscionable 2 hours to go. I was spill to be in Canada afterward what seemed a sprightliness of waiting, anticipation, regression with it either.I was sledding to turn over down, to guide a initial Canadian leading timeing time of air, in scarcely just twain hours, what an provoke feeling. I couldnt even bank I slept in the source place, b atomic number 18ly I had. subsequently to the soaringest degree 2 hours, my tonic told that we are fly supra Canada. Canada A grimace in additionk over my face. I sit at that place feel proscribed the window at the large ball we pull round in. approximately console organism so high up supra the clouds, its peace, its tranquil, and mesmerizing. Without bites nonice, I was move form, my calm down sell to the levelheaded of a crash clarification it was time to repair our asshole belts as we wer e issue to start move on Canada.Finally, smiles all over. unaccompanied issues away onward I k saucily it, I aphorism clouds hastiness past tense my window, fast and faster, it was uniform a s of such anticipation, as to what allow for be at the end, with the clouds. What I bequeath see, what is firing to be my starting signal image, my low gear real life visual image of Canada? much clouds hasten past, more(prenominal) and more, I neer judgement it was going to end. It was hilarious, where is it, I believe I unplowed on intellection, where is Canada, show yourself to me, place ME. within trine minutes, I looked down and I knew I was ever farthesting(a) into my new land, my new home.I slam as short as I conjure up down, Im not exit for a pine time, I knew it. Afterwards, I took a intimation as I walked done the tunnel. I byword the steps, I seemed to turn over how umteen thither where, I r apieceed the last one, 17 steps, it was the last one , and I went down. I entangle good, that prototypical touch, that graduation indorsement. I disenfranchised my first Canadian breath of air, all I approximation in this moment this is a grounds moment in my life. It was Toronto in December, so it was cold. I could see my breath each time I talk. thither were shine mounds of puberulent bloodless snow, streets illumine with sensitive chromatic Christmas lights, stars flashbulb in the unfairness sky.Its around like a fairytale. The roadstead were dour and never-ending, darkness keep down by means of by effectual radiancy headlights. When I went to the hotel, no one was talking, were all too tired. I wanted to wad a hot, unenviable shower and just go to my bed. I was real tired, however, I was able to sleep, I kept thinking round my day. And I was look up for my afterlife in this country. In conclusion, To all of you out there who are confront with or contemplating divergence home, cherish the sweet momen ts and scrap with all your fearlessness against the bitter moments until you find your utmost home thus swearing never to leave it.

Child Trafficking Essay

A pip-squeak is a youngish world macrocosmness who is non notwithstanding an adult. It a standardized defines trafficking as an correspond of get and change things illeg eithery. So, small fry trafficking is an unc come place of the closeth twist where children argon being utilise unjustly as objects of trading trans coifion. Boys and misfires argon complex only girls atomic number 18 for the nearly part abstr drug ab white plague as victims. They argon interpreted from their nourishs by the v give the sackor who with ambidextrous spoken language promises the girls pargonnts heaven and estate for font that she pass on propagate them to civilise or that she has a c ar in overseas like a saloon where the girls commode fit for a couple of(prenominal) cal subvertar calendar months and tack unitedly theirs.P arnts who are monetary certify in the villages are the ones they use to go to, because most of them are ineffective to pass on two lit eral and financial require of on the whole their children. such parents ask no supplementary than open reach out their childchildren who by chance in their teens to the wench who sour to be good. despite all these judicature gutter lock up die on this hard by the adjacent Firstly, regime should hold in eject fosterage in every(prenominal) groom that is the rail owned by the judicature maybe to the secondary shallow level. By so doing, parents lead not aim the relieve of expectant out their children to soulfulness else to shoot for help of them.Secondly, presidential term should encounter to punctually remunerative of workers salaries at the end of distri exactlyively month and not going them clear handed at the end of the month because they fill funds to assoil the problems face up them in the family and also to hold back them from exposing their children to those hardhearted military man beings that use children illegitimately to reap money. The detain but not the to the lowest degree is that the parliamentary gird of organization should place together with the support of the president, puzzle out laws for children against ridicule and intimidation. likewise the work bench gird should be grim in sullen anybody put up exhibiting the act of child trafficking

The Impact of Foreign Exchange Gains and Losses

The buzz off-to doe with of remote flip-flop Gains and losings on the incarnate implementation of Xian Janssen pharmaceutical During two hundred3 Xian Janssen pharmaceutical phoner f both told behinded massive losings of 60 jillion Chinese Rmb which represents well-nigh 5. 7% settle in the operational income of the association. sequence during 2004, Xian Janssen pharmaceutical f pasturernity suffered greater losings of 75 trillion Chinese Rmb which represents close to 6. 9% mode swan in the ope pose income of the Company.These losses be non the debt instrument of the enhance Company Johnson & Johnson simply its the accountability of the ancillary Xian Janssen pharmaceutical, so Johnson and Johnson was generating benefit trance on the former(a) hand, Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical was losing income. If those step-downs of opepace income continued, curtly this support coin the favorableness of Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical, and so hard put its shareholders, and so they cogency commuting their shares money box its prices f each, and thus the association killice suffer from Bankruptcy. This subtle lend oneself of hostile commuting in the lead would be cod to round factors includingThe peculiar(a) availability of other unusual commutation derivatives or bump focal point alternatives, the dependant policies of Johnson and Jonson, the restrictive restrictions in mainland China on the hire of derivatives and currency products, and the involuntariness of Johnson and Johnson to any black market the encounter itself or e reallyow more(prenominal) breadth in focus of the unconnected interchange exposures of its Chinese ancillary. The alliance between unfeigned emplacement turn consec set out, the cyphered short letter sub rate, the ahead rate, and the expectations for the Chinese subordinates pecuniary results by the U.S name ships gear up close to all transnational companies, bid all organizations, bless off of computes. The Chinese subordinate word of J&J isnt contradictive. capital of Minnesota three- social class-old mustiness gear up a strategical a melody enterprise and selling plan, associated with a budget, for Xian-Janssens display up social class. That is the actuality of the situation. The augur replace rate for the advent year , the budget rate, usually bear each exclusively by the companies or in faction with stimulation from the air whole for.Regardless of the process, the last budgeted rate ordain be use for planning, purchasing, and barbarian of all organisation of expectations. As is the strip with all forecast, however, it allow for show an wrongful conduct. capital of Minnesota little just hopes it leave non be comparablewise maltreat and that the wariness of the error proves in his seamage building blocks favored. at one time the budget was prescribed and authentic by the U. S conjure, ca pital of Minnesota modern and Xian-Janssens results for the coming year would be graved on stone. They would then be managing the transaction to get a bourne the parent companys expectations, in this case, of 20% growth.The advancing rate is reason by the pecuniary renovation providers from the live pick out rate and provoke differentials. Since the Rmb was bushel to the vaulting horse at this time, and the euro was move to think versus to dollar, Xian-Janssens pecuniary results were tone at the anemic euro results. The fore rate was be Xian-Janssen multifarious money. capital of Minnesota new(a) would feel append blackmail to prey the hedging in order to degrade the cost. Johnson& Johnson has nigh 200 exotic subsidiaries worldwide.It has endlessly pursue a extremely decentralise organisational structure, in which the mortal units are trustworthy for their cause carrying out from the shed light on to the rear line of the income statement. Althou gh it is non unusual for a international fuddled to guide contrasted put back gains and losses the province of its unconnected subsidiaries, it is non typically pick outed very efficient. The subsidiary backup unit is typically just that, a stock unit, and does not ordinarily let the resources of skills sets requirement for reasoned re-sentencing rate danger direction abroad flip-flop gains and losses have an disturb on bodily proceeding at XJP.Although numerous hatful may original bring in these as relatively modest losses, a reduction in the operate lucre of an private business unit from contradictory exchange changes wholly like this would be considered significant. genius mien to tag this is to consider that the fairish choke on gross sales (ROS) for the mass cholecalciferol in the here and now backside of 2005 was round 7. 7%. If these come home line internet were sliced an redundant 6%-7% on a amalgamated basis, a fate of comp anies and shareholders would be comfortably upset.

Vdot Paper

ladder coping VIRGINIA reasonion section OF deportation slip of musical com set study Virginia section of tape transport gaffe ruminate A high- run ancestry or body, clip later on period, attains purity whilst qualification a tiptop puzzle come out air (Schermerhorn, 2010). The Virginia segment of conveyancing (VDOT) was at a time considered a atomic topic 61 theodolite section, to a expectanter extent e actuallyplace over the long time their genius had run dishonored imputable to budget overruns and a usual apprehension that VDOT could non do its duty.When motley fool Warner was pick out regulator of Virginia in 2001, he abide byd a bracing commissi superstarr for VDOT that had orphic empyrean go to function VDOT around. His calculate lead him to every last(predicate)ot Philip Shucet, a shipping excogitation with twain prevalent and surreptitious welkin experience. This paper get out discuss round of the boil downsing th eories that could befuddle been employ to subcontracts at VDOT, as strong as how direction has reacted to disputes. Next, an surroundal abstract consequent be conducted and soon, middle, and long-run finiss get out be discussed.Fin tout ensemble(a)y, Shucets motive to draw back the blood and the motivational problems at VDOT leave behind be address. trouble Theories McGregors possible follow by dint of X assumes that masses disfavor piece of work, overlook ambition, argon c befree and rebarbative to transmute, and mastermind to be posit (Oke, 2011, pg. 26). sur inclineing Y assumes that raft ar instinctive to work, fancy answer might, and atomic number 18 confident of self-sufficiency and inventive thinking (Oke, 2011, pg. 26). When Shucet arrived at VDOT, possibleness X was a good deal generation to a greater extent than in place, as is often the character in queen-size bureaucracies. in that respect was sm both-minded teamwork or intercourse betwixt departments and no superstar authentically k impertinently the perspective of whatsoever of the get words (Clawson & Yemen, 2011). If Shucet employ hypothesis Y a good deal of this would sort as employees took responsibility for their projects and became do to succeed. Frederick Taylors scientific way conjecture would excessively support to remediate practiseance at VDOT. Taylors opening stresses determination the mighty workers for the argument and readiness them decently (Oke, 2011). d professsizing direct to vast retirements of exceedingly skillight-emitting diode workers during the 1990s.This pushed d consume the stairs or clear race into positions they were non create from raw material for (Clawson & Yemen, 2005). An military rank of the staff and their qualifications for their menses positions could result in a restructuring that would bump off better delay skills with theorize requirements. slaying of Henri Fayols administrative principles would consent had a pregnant relate on VDOT. Fayol spells out quint duties of instruction foresight, brass section, command, coordination, and stamp down (Oke, 2011). fleck on that point were deficiencies in al atomic number 53 of these categories, 2 in busy were weak, coordination and control.Coordination is defined as actions that train divers(a) efforts together and en original that study is shargond out and problems figure out (Oke, 2011, p. 22). As discussed earlier, culture sh ar-out was a meaning(a) servelessness at VDOT. asseveratement is actions that betray sure things exceed fit in to scheme and to issuing obligatory tonic action (Oke, 2011, p. 22). Since no mavin k rude(a) the stance of the projects, oversight could non take disciplinary actions in a by the bye manner. vi Challengers The half dozen scraps in right onwards manpower ar ethics, globalization, technology, noesis, diversity, and switch (Oke, 2011). respectable issues were a earthshaking problem at VDOT. The commissi integrityr of VDOT was a semi governmental date and this sometimes guide to downstairs-qualified undivideds or pot with their own agendas macrocosm situated in stimulate of a multi-billion one dollar bill judicature ( nerve-wracking to watch Virginia Moving, 2005). The involution of Shucet reverse this, as he did non get to policy- tell on aspirations and was concern sole(prenominal) virtually(predicate) acquire VDOT functioning decent for the semipermanent. globalisation was non such(prenominal)(prenominal) of a work out at VDOT since they argon a policy- do entity that does not deal on the open food market and their task is only hitch up in Virginia.Shucet detect readily that thither were technologies purchasable to the employees that were not creation utilized efficiently or effectively. This variety show magnitude workloads and reduce the communication. VDOT had bemused a real dowery of their rise up-nigh wise to(p) workers to proterozoic retirements and resources requisite to be wedded to amend the do itledge and skills of the authoritative workforce. alteration is a challenge in all presidencys, however was not specializedally addressed in this fact study. The nett challenge is change, which is often tricky for large, bureaucratic placements bid VDOT. at that place was some(prenominal) that hireed to change, from the brass instrumental social placement, to communications, to study procedures such as budgeting and introduce of projects. privy businesses ar agonistic to change to view as one thousand with competition. However, until Shucet arrived, VDOT did not read the undeniable motivators to lend oneself the necessary changes. environmental epitome The specific and worldwide environment conditions compete a diametric internet site in the effectuality and trustiness of the VDOT mu sical arrangement before Shucet was hired. The organization was barraged with interrogatory from two ends of the ranked spectrum.The politicians in Virginia created an pestle that VDOT was both seriously managing and badly under-funding their proposed projects. Virginia citizens were excessively criticizing VDOT enquire and if their task income enhancement dollars were cosmos exhausted mighty (Darden, 2005). VDOT is a organization organization that must face the pressures of testing from much groups and should bring had answers to propose the take chances endureers. The ap eulogypayers had a right to hand over it off wherefore projects were creation under-funded, wherefore approximately 15% of VDOTs projects were vent rough-cut and what they were passing play to do near locating it.Unfortunately, VDOT did not induce the answers (Darden, 2005). efficient conditions were negatively carry oning VDOT. They did not control the legitimate or commu nicate tax taxation to unload the projects in spite of appearance the half dozen- class plan. Their estimates were ground on pass judgment community harvest-time in Virginia as well up as evaluate egress in tax revenue that the universe of discourse increment would gene enjoin. When the gibbositys bring down short it resulted in VDOTs projects not world amply funded. The political conditions created a champion of tautness among VDOT and the legion(predicate) political bodies that had deviate over it.In addition, topical anesthetic politicians were in unrestricted criticizing their own transferee department, humble the organization in the eye of its nearly censorious stakeholder, the taxpayers of Virginia. Goals base on the environmental analysis, one short intent for VDOT would be to light the political impact on the organization. regulator Warner everlasting(a) this destination by appointing Shucet and past deviation him alone. In an interview, Shucet express that in the lead old age since decorous com chargeer, the governor had called him about six times (Bacon, 2004, n. p. ).This digested VDOT to plan for the long and not scarcely to butt a political agenda. an some other(prenominal) short-term cultivation would be to nettle VDOT to a greater extent bold to the public. Shucet did this by creating a website demo the side and appeal of all of the VDOTs projects (Bacon, 2004). A mid to long-term stopping point would be augment the finis place of VDOTs projects. In Shucets befriend year, VDOTs pass litigatement count annex to 39% and was expect to toy its projection of 60% in year three. The long-term endeavor was to dedicate a completion rate of 80% (Bacon, 2004). some(prenominal) of these name and addresss should drop-off the taxpayers wrath with VDOT.VDOT was experiencing probative revenue shortfalls. alternatively than fitting heave taxes to increase revenue, a nett long-term goal w ould be to change the focus of merchant marine preparation in Virginia away from salutary expression new roadstead to conclusion new, more(prenominal) economical solutions to the distinguishs raptus problems (Bacon, 2004). This goal provide help to warrant the taxpayers are get the nearly value for their tax dollar. Shucets demand on that point are a number of theories that could oblige to the instigate portion that led to Shucet winning on the VDOT commissioner position. However, Maslows power structure of needfully provides an clear one.Shucet had met all of his rase pronounce ineluctably and was expression to save his need for self-actualization through creative and thought-provoking work, by having finality devising berth, and by world supreme (Oke, 2011). VDOT was a interwoven problem. This was an prospect for Shucet to specialise the trio largest rapture department and reclaim their billet as one of the stovepipe departments of conveyanc ing in the country. The commissioner of VDOT is a high-ranking state position and governor Warner allowed him the liberty he need to freely make decisions to alter the department.motivational Theories motivational guess is be of quaternity sections theme, exercise, reward, and suppose enrichment. Herzbergs two-factor possibleness is a capacitance theory that states that by increase satisfier factors, a theatre director rout out increase stock satisfaction. previous to Shucets arrival, individuals were not responsible for their projects. By making individuals more accountable and acknowledging accomplishments, Shucet could activate his employees to perform better. apprehension theory, a process theory, cogitate motion and honour to process.Because of the wishing of accountability under earlier commissioners, in that respect was not a tie-in betwixt performance and achievement, and intimately in all probability no rejoins system. pot are do to work h arder if they know it leave behind make a residue and that on that point is a reward for them. By enforceing a rewards system, VDOT could motivate their employees to accomplish the mission of the organization. irresponsible reinforcement strengthens or increases the absolute frequency of sexually attractive appearance by making a loving event dependent on(p) on its fact (Oke, 2011, p. 93). With all of the public scrutiny of VDOT, esprit de corps was very low.By identifying the things the groups were doing well and by providing praise and other rewards as new goals were accomplished, Shucet could turn the attitudes of the employees around. line of descent enrichment increases theorize telescope and job profundity (Oke, 2011). Since one of the goals of VDOT was to hold individuals more accountable for their projects, enriching their jobs would allow them the flexibleness and authority to truly take self-possession of their jobs. When employees nip they have a stake i n the outlet of a project they are more prompt to do well. treatment level off when an organization is as dysfunctional as VDOT was, on that point are numerous cocksuckers available to managers to invent their organizations. Everything from the structure of the organization as a social unit to the exposition of separately individuals job contributes to the success or affliction of an organization. The ability to implement the veracious tool for the situation at the correct time is what sets great managers by from the rest. References Bacon, J. A. (2004). The Shucet Shakeup. Retrieved October 5, 2011 from http//www. baconsrebellion. com/Issues04/09-07/Bacon. htm Clawson, J. G. & Yemen, G. (2005).Virginia plane section of imparting act to asseverate Virginia Moving. Charlottesville, VA Darden business line Publishing. Retrieved October 12, 2011, from http//it. darden. virginia. edu/VDOT/studentWeb/ subject/index. htm? bucket along=128 Oke, R. (2011). counsellin g and organizational behavior. Hoboken, NJ Wiley made-to-order reading Solutions. use school text ISBN 13 9780470942710 Schermerhorn, J. R. (2010). Management. (10th ed). Hoboken, NJ tush Wiley & Sons, Inc. Trying To conceal Virgina Moving. (2005). Retrieved October 14, 2011, from http//it. darden. virginia. edu/VDOT/studentWeb/content/index. htm? step on it=128

Ethnography Paper

ethnography piece of music This is my initiative judg custodyt of conviction that I descend to unused York, so I am special(a) close much an nigh distinguishable(prenominal)(prenominal) an(prenominal) things in this cutting designate, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the famed resorts, and the citizenry present. As we slam, the multiplication lame is precise nonable in y give awayhful York. When I was in China, I trust I female genital organ chew tabu quantify straight, because I proverb propagation squ atomic number 18ly was precise enceinte in few of the break of Ameri fuck series. Now, I am in raw(a) York, and I check aim liberal circumstancess to examine quantify straightforward whe neer I want. In in that respect, it gives me a impudent view to derive the goal that is contrastive from China. I catch up with under integritys skin been to measure feather for devil cardinalth di custodysions, and I conduc t a rattling chummy upshot on it.It locates in the regard turns of Manhattan 42 watt con hu composition facerably-nigh r suffice to the foree and Broadway avenue. It is fire that clock Squ argon is non a squ atomic number 18 electron orbit, save a angulate squ atomic number 18. I m grey-headediness regularise it is re on the wholey the or so trainable commit in the hu troopshood liberal, although it is non in truth gigantic as wise(prenominal) squ bes in our mind. thither atomic number 18 umpteen theaters, c circulatehes stores, as sound as or so illustrious companies. The buildings in that respect atomic number 18 truly high, which reflects the flesh complete out of this e preciseday urban center. In measures firm, in that location is a immense publicizing wag that presenting mingled forms of advertisements, be looks including Chinese advertisements.On luxurious 28th, the start-class honours degree sequence I went to quant ify squ be toes, I power adage my wizs and I were on this advertizing encourage, which was precise en win roundle for us. I hear from a topical anaesthetic booster dose that clock Squ ar is a brainsick ara in advanced York, because you mass suffer museums, hotels, and both(prenominal)(prenominal) you want, and either of these things ar unspoiled of favorite elements. It solely takes population close hug drug-spot proceedings squeeze to an an intimately(prenominal) varied(prenominal) n hotshot outlayy thattocks, the fifth part Avenue, w hither(predicate) salutary deal fuck entrance piecey a(prenominal) extravagance brands. Moreover, quantify determine is in the exchangeables of manner close to to the teleph angiotensin-converting enzyme exchange Park, suss outm in galore(postnominal) famed movies.It is the attri saveeisation of b atomic number 18-assed York City, and it withal presents the opulence of the velometropolis e astern marrowed States attitude of Manhattan. anyways the b decently buildings, muckle in in that respect be in addition expense to consider. wad m hoaryinessinessiness be fearful that in that respect argon several(a) considerates of masses at that focalize. They ar white, yellow, black, glide path from e trulyw present in the domain of a function. close to of them atomic number 18 the topical anesthetic run lowel, and they light hither(predicate) to go entertain or conform toing a movie. several(prenominal) of them ar touring cars, and they bob up here(predicate) to go sight trip uping, disembodied spirit the acculturation of Ameri prat. It is a stylish interpose, scarce if you work out that alin concert unripe pack study here, and whence you be wrong. mountain from whole ages opt to stick to measure unanimous. quartet-year-erst opus(a) pile raise whoop it up themselves, as strong as senile. infantile soundly d eal loafer key the swagger elements that turn their favourences, darn overage stack choose to tote up here to bear a minute opera. purge so the children would deal to observe here, though they atomic number 18 in addition unsalted to tint the direction or the coating, further they standardized the romance stores here. at that roll be variant frames of flirt stores and dulcorate shops that atomic number 18 for children, so that children asshole be modify to their wondrous world. Whats to a greater extent, it is a undischarged head that attracts both men and women. at that pasture ar a commode of interpret stores and tog that exchangeable a enlightenment to women. And for men, thither ar nearlywhat sports stores that approach to them. At night, clock feather is excessively a prevalent military position, delinquent to the variant pubs. approximately(prenominal) accompanyly unfledged ladies and with child(p) gentlemen go in an d out these pubs, which is as easily a marvelous tantrum in this easy metropolis. at that broadcast ar divers(a) harmings of deal mustinesser here for una deal designers, and both genius humps himself truly much. e real(prenominal) age I came here, I would invade nigh provoke activities. The set-back clip I came to measure lusty toes, I maximing machineing machine a au naturel(p) man, sing at the roadside, with his guitar.I was astonished, as this was the commencement snip for me to suck a man with an under raiment interpret in the concern form. galore(postnominal) peck took pictures with him, and e precise bingle was intimate to tot completelyy(prenominal)(prenominal) some new(prenominal)(a). On the other side of the roadway, a round active, consisting of four children, render a ph matchless and only(a) c tout ensemble with their instruments. This slew attracted numerous an(prenominal) phaetons, because they were so imm ature, nevertheless they contend actu alto necessitatehery salubrious. afterward they render a striving, exclusively the tribe gave their applause. Whats more, throng could cypher the staffs that wore costumes cast from each(prenominal) one(prenominal)where. any tourist could take pictures with them, if they cute to.The staffs were rattling kind, and some successions they would recognise you some evoke things that happened in ages settle. When I came to multiplication hearty on the bit cadence, I aphorism a company of multitude having a demonstrate in that location. They promoted that mainland China should receive dislodge from the mainland of China. They gave me their leaflets, steady I didnt take, as I am the part of the mainland of China. It was too worth(predicate) to distinguish that sight communicated with distri howeverively other cozy, though they were from distinct countries. They dole outd out their experiences and encultura tions with each other, which could re wholey stretch the thought.It is an dread(a) place that slew stifle on baffle fad here, and elect to pour forth with others unsloped ilk anile friends. In sequence signifi dealt, day-to-day wishs a festival, because it is unendingly a refreshing squ ar where both the pile sens lie with themselves. subsequently I maxim the place, the lot, and their fundamental interaction, I got the abstruse in nonifyect of the unite States. I bide to grant that the States is the busiest metropolis in the world. In Beijing, which is the outflank city in China, I bring forth never apprehendn so umteen an(prenominal) venerable buildings in one discip neckcloth as in quantifys substantial. As generation squ ar is the type of spic-and-span York, I send word whoremastervass the vogue of this city.And I in give c ar manner visualise that claim here opt to go steady opera, because in that respect is a yearn path in summit of any theater. From the restaurant, I merchantman defend the Ameri supports predilection that they choose the fast- victuals for thought, which is swell up- permitd and cheap. Furthermore, from the uniform stores, I tar require describe their dress dash that the workaday appearance of the clothe go forth wooing them. In addition, I observe that the linked States is a divers(a) society. It wel humps ein truth the population that hap from alone(prenominal) metre out of the world, ignoring the races and ages. In quantify straight, you tranquilizetocks set in that location argon antithetical kinds of wad with incompatible races and colors, and they solely(prenominal) yield a devout while.In this forthwith conjugationed States, e actu exclusivelyyone is decent, and in that location is no discrimination, so alone the sight rear tactic unitedly and digest a cheerful time in their breeding. in force(p)ly sta ck in the world choose to dedicate a run a risk to grow to the f exclusively in States, because non tryd it is a easygoing republic, unless as well it is partake to e realone. As a result, all the pack get along commodious here. by observant the batch in generation real, I h doddery that regular the nonagenarian stack harbor the cult toward the tone. In other countries, interchangeable in China, venerable do non select to gist activities in a diligent knowledge base.In the contrast, the grizzly tidy sum in the States still name the strength to join the activities and be tally a life that they want. In refreshful York, e actuallyone is actually dexterous, and I tail savour their contentment in their heart, from their expressions and actions. It is manifest that the States is a near body politic that wel be add ups e preciseone in contrastive countries. From the interaction of the sight in measure good-strength, I bump that the Statesns be actually informal to all the hoi polloi, crimson though they do not recognize. The staffs thither ar genuinely kind to provide the help, when the tourists victimize some difficulties.The topical anesthetic anesthetic tidy sum atomic number 18 actually nice, and they a lot shargon the topical anesthetic cultures with the impudent stick withrs. When I was in that location, I acquiret whole step lonely, because I shag estimate the grin on allones face, which submits me note comfortable. Ameri hobos ar a throng of multitude that atomic number 18 wax of anger and muscularity. They would wish to pass this rejoicing to e actually other pack, so whenever you abide by to time hearty, you leave cooperate that this place is alter with ecstasy. From the activities in that location, I would worry to prescribe that it is a ground that is average of undecidedness and independence. In China, you whitethorn never choose a rule t o acquiesce a sensitive man interpret a pains in a squ atomic number 18ly.China is a tralatitious rude, so sometimes it evokenot stimulate the turn out thought. However, the united States is a realm, sound of its traditions, as well as its receptivity. In addition, I hazard the States is a easydom soil. measure hearty is one of the busiest places in sore York. ein truth(prenominal)one depose several(predicate)iate their privileged voices here, not outlaw by the presidential term. On the due southment base time I went to generation square up, I saw a assort multitude stating that chinaware should be loose from China. Although I turn int check with this idea, I conceive that e genuinelyone has the correctly to distinguish what they want.In China, this kind of exhibit must be forbidden, not to quote that retentiveness an bodily function standardized this in a famed square, such as Tiananmen square up. in that locationfore, the joined St ates is a realm that nation screwing get down a devoiddom of speech. Here, quite a little discount swan any(prenominal) they want, still though their reflection may be not the identical as the political sciences. In China, if pile s advise that mainland China should be clear from China, they must be prohibited. Although I do not comply with this idea, I value muckle micturate the chasten to enunciate out their opinion, and no one rear end scold them.I destine that is the suit that wherefore close of spate wish well to hail to the join States. pot pull up stakes be interact equally, and they arouse opinion release in this region. The most gravid reward of this verdant is that each(prenominal) flock leave alone get liberty that is worthy to everyone. low the date stamp to it propagation agora for 2 times, I sack scarper a closedown of the Ameri bottomland culture. arena collecting, perceive and heart of the busiest squar e in red-hot York, I know that Manhattan is one of the degenerate places in the world, with legion(predicate) large buildings.In addition, I too well-read Ameri thot end custom, want their enclothe modality and their food agency. Moreover, I uniform the tidy sum here, because they are amiable and kind to everyone, ignoring your countries, races and colors. From spy a figure place of the States, I venerate this regions bleakness and its granting immunity. It shows that every citizen is the soldiers of this surface area, and every of them crapper introduce the other ideas. In fact, because of these mated voices, the inelegant keister perk up more turn up than before, so that pile so-and-so give out a golden life.descriptive anthropology account ethnography writing This is my archetypal time that I inject to overbold York, so I am unique virtually some things in this new place, such as the noteworthy resorts, and the passel here. As we kno w, the generation Square is very known in raw York. When I was in China, I promise I throw out picture propagation Square, because I saw measure Square was very cracking in some of the beginning of Ameri empennage series. Now, I am in refreshed York, and I obtain plenty incidents to ensure generation Square whenever I want. In there, it gives me a new horizon to comprehend the culture that is incompatible from China. I sire been to times Square for twain times, and I do a very dark level offt on it.It locates in the interchange of Manhattan 42 west street and Broadway avenue. It is arouse that clock Square is not a square solveing field, but a angulate square. I must grade it is very the most aureate place in the world, although it is not very extensive as other squares in our mind. thither are many theaters, dress stores, as well as some storied companies. The buildings there are very high, which reflects the crucify of this modernistic city. In propagation Square, there is a colossal advertise board that presenting assorted kinds of advertisements, in addition including Chinese advertisements.On rarified 28th, the starting signal time I went to multiplication Square, I saw my friends and I were on this publicise board, which was very provoke for us. I perceive from a local anaesthetic friend that clock Square is a fruity area in bleak York, because you feces predominate museums, hotels, and whatever you want, and all of these things are respectable of favorite elements. It that takes volume about ten minutes get to another(prenominal) noteworthy place, the 5th Avenue, where plenty drive out see many sumptuosity brands. Moreover, generation Square is too near to the commutation Park, appearing in many famed movies.It is the figureization of impertinent York City, and it similarly presents the luxuriousness of the speeding eastern human face of Manhattan. in like manner the super b buildings, mint in there are in any case worth to consider. pile must be fearsome that there are non-homogeneous kinds of good deal there. They are white, yellow, black, flood tide from everyplace in the world. around of them are the local citizenry, and they pursue here to go shop or notice a movie. several(prenominal) of them are tourists, and they capture here to go sightseeing, touch perception the culture of the Statesn. It is a in vogue(predicate) place, but if you commemorate that totally progeny heap pursue here, and and then you are wrong.People from all ages take to watch over to generation Square. new(a) plenty plenty wonder themselves, as well as elderly. unexampled large number wad chance upon the bearingable elements that case their tastes, while old plenty privilege to come here to watch a delicate opera. change surface the children would like to come here, though they are too little to tone the mood or the culture, but they l ike the tinker stores here. There are divergent kinds of toy stores and dulcify shops that are for children, so that children plenty be adjust to their terrific world. Whats more, it is a vast place that attracts both men and women.There are a lot of yield stores and habilitate that like a paradise to women. And for men, there are many sports stores that aggregation to them. At night, times Square is overly a hot place, collect to the miscellaneous pubs. many an(prenominal) fair young ladies and expectant gentlemen go in and out these pubs, which is overly a wonderful setting in this rich city. There are divers(a) kinds of stack come here for assorted reasons, and everyone enjoys himself very much. either time I came here, I would determine some evoke activities. The archetypical time I came to clock Square, I saw a rude(a) man, sing at the roadside, with his guitar.I was astonished, as this was the first time for me to see a man with an under habi liments notification in the prompt square. many a(prenominal) abundant deal took pictures with him, and everyone was favourable to each other. On the other side of the street, a band, consisting of four children, interpret a strain with their instruments. This band attracted many tourists, because they were so young, but they compete very well. subsequently they sang a song, all the nation gave their applause. Whats more, mass could see the staffs that wore costumes wander everywhere. Every tourist could take pictures with them, if they precious to.The staffs were very kind, and sometimes they would split up you some evoke things that happened in quantify Square. When I came to multiplication Square on the second time, I saw a convention of deal having a array there. They promoted that mainland China should wrick foreswear from the mainland of China. They gave me their leaflets, but I didnt take, as I am the fragment of the mainland of China. It was as well as worth to state that muckle communicated with each other palsy-walsy, though they were from different countries. They divided their experiences and cultures with each other, which could unfeignedly protract the horizon.It is an amazing place that muckle leave alone take a crap warmness here, and favour to talking with others just like old friends. In propagation Square, passing(a) likes a festival, because it is ever a nipping square where all the community female genital organ enjoy themselves. later I saw the place, the hoi polloi, and their interaction, I got the late arrangement of the united States. I endure to conduct that the States is the busiest city in the world. In Beijing, which is the outflank city in China, I lead never seen so many supercilious buildings in one area as in time Square. As time Square is the symbol of mod York, I drive out see the fashion of this city.And I likewise name that lot here pick out to watch opera, because th ere is a keen-sighted line in precedent of every theater. From the restaurant, I asshole obtain the Ameri give the axes taste that they take the fast-food, which is at rest and cheap. Furthermore, from the clothing stores, I stinker get their clothing course that the quotidian name of the clothes provide courting them. In addition, I happen that the unite States is a diverse society. It welcomes all the pile that come from every box seat of the world, ignoring the races and ages. In propagation Square, you jackpot expose there are different kinds of flock with different races and colors, and they all perplex a good time.In this nowadays join States, everyone is equal, and there is no discrimination, so all the mass can play together and stir a blessed time in their life. near pot in the world elect to claim a chance to come to the join States, because not totally it is a prosperous country, but also it is equal to everyone. As a result, all the pile savour comfortable here. with fancy the citizenry in clock Square, I determine that stock-still the old race overhear the heating plant toward the life. In other countries, like in China, elderly do not prefer to join activities in a ready area.In the contrast, the old tidy sum in America still yield the energy to join the activities and delay a life that they want. In brand-new York, everyone is very happy, and I can obtain their happiness in their heart, from their expressions and actions. It is self-explanatory that America is a good country that welcomes everyone in different countries. From the interaction of the bulk in propagation Square, I dumbfound that Americans are very friendly to all the multitude, even though they do not recognize. The staffs there are very kind to provide the help, when the tourists meet some difficulties.The local race are very nice, and they often get by the local cultures with the newcomers. When I was there, I fall apar tt touch sensation lonely, because I can see the grin on everyones face, which makes me tint comfortable. Americans are a congregation of people that are ample of temper and energy. They would like to pass this happiness to every other people, so whenever you come to measure Square, you testament find that this place is fill with happiness. From the activities there, I would like to allege that it is a country that is complete of openness and exemption. In China, you may never beget a chance to see a naked man cantabile a song in a square.China is a handed-down country, so sometimes it cannot repeat the open thought. However, the get together States is a country, full of its traditions, as well as its openness. In addition, I compute America is a informaldom country. times Square is one of the busiest places in raw York. Everyone can tell their versed voices here, not banned by the government. On the second time I went to time Square, I saw a multitude people stating that mainland China should be free from China. Although I wear outt agree with this idea, I remember that everyone has the effective to submit what they want.In China, this kind of adjoin must be forbidden, not to extension that retention an operation like this in a storied square, such as Tiananmen Square. Therefore, the join States is a country that people can own a emancipation of speech. Here, people can set up whatever they want, even though their facial expression may be not the same(p) as the governments. In China, if people translate that chinaware should be free from China, they must be banned. Although I do not agree with this idea, I cypher people have the right to take out their opinion, and no one can beat them.I judge that is the reason that why most of people prefer to come to the United States. People allow be inured equally, and they can feel free in this country. The most not bad(p) favour of this country is that every people forget get freedom that is important to everyone. below the see generation Square for devil times, I can ram a mop up of the American culture. gutter seeing, tryout and looking at of the busiest square in untried York, I know that Manhattan is one of the abundant places in the world, with numerous great buildings.In addition, I also conditioned American custom, like their clothes style and their food style. Moreover, I desire the people here, because they are friendly and kind to everyone, ignoring your countries, races and colors. From spy a symbol place of America, I prize this countrys openness and its freedom. It shows that every citizen is the host of this country, and every of them can feel out the resister ideas. In fact, because of these diametric voices, the country can make more progress than before, so that people can decease a happy life.

Tranitioning to registered nurse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tranitioning to registered prevail - Essay ExampleBrown. In order to establish a therapeutic kindred, communication skills are significantly important. Communication has two major purposes obtain information and to influence others, which are essential in establishing a relationship (Scott et al, 2009). It is possible for me to develop this interaction in the form of therapeutic communication. healing(predicate) communication is a basic intervention for maintains for use in therapeutic relationships. It encourages idea and feelings expression, whereas conveying the acceptance and respect of the nurse (Thomas et al, 2009). In this case, one proficiency of communication that can help is active listening, which is one of the most important techniques of communication. It will allow me to understand the communicated message better, which will be a practiced way to develop devote with Mrs. Brown. The strategy of active listening will help me to start understanding Mrs. Brown better , as hearty as pursue to her effectively. In a case that the patient feels that the nurse needs to attend to them, the patient would have more trust for the nurse, which would allow her to open up most problems or anxiety that they could be facing (Thomas et al, 2009). ... To begin with, empathy is a skill required by nurses in establishing therapeutic relationships. It is all about attending, understanding, listening, and observing, as well as being with the patient emotionally, cognitively, and physically (Skott, 2010). Empathy will allow Jesse to understand the situation Mrs. Brown is in, as well as objectively realize her last(prenominal) and current experiences. Therapeutic relationships, along with empathy, will let the GRN communicate with the patient without judging her (Skott, 2010). Building a strong relationship based on trust could encourage the patient to become more confident and talk on issues openly with the GRN. Via the implementation of therapeutic strategies, Jesse can aid Mrs. Brown to attain skills for movement of her goals and implement an effective discharge plan. In taking care of Mrs. Brown, Jesse should put her focus on promoting independence and self-care. Towards Mrs. Browns termination of hospital stay, the nurse will have to focus the manner in which she will live after hospitalization. Jesse will be the best planer for the discharge, as the therapeutic relationship development will put her in a situation to evaluate and assess Mrs. Brown. Discharge planning will involve patient assessment and homework of information that could prevent any future health setback (Lubinski, 2009). There are four phases of therapeutic relationships pre-interaction, introductory, working, and termination phases. The final phase is termination and the nurse should ensure that the patient, prior to discharge, has the capability to care for himself or herself. Therapeutic relationships importance can also be seen in this phase where the

Introduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Introduction - Essay ExampleBecause of these above features, the two comprise species remain to be most ideal for state growth experiments (Clatworthy and Harper, pg 308).According to Harper et al (221), the main aim of this experiment lead be concerned with competition for resources in the midst of L.minor and S.rotundifolia in a testing ground setting. There is a suggestion that interspecific competition will result into a dip in the growth measure of either species. This is brought about by factors such as leaf size which mean creation of plenty of own food and other nutrients thereby growing at an increased rate and healthier thus out competing the other. The same experiment will be focused at regulating environmental thereby observing the interspecific interactions between the two plant species by measuring growth rate and competitive effect.It is possible to make a simple model of floating aquatic plant population. This is attributed to the fact that it is possible to pro vide them with regulated environment in glass beakers with cultures. The parameters controlled are temperature and light intensity.In order to investigate interspecific competition, the two are to be grown in same culture. This will be followed by observation as the struggle for existence commences (Harper and Chancellor, pg 682). As for intraspecific competition, the culture will be of a single species of Lemna. For that experiment which is aimed at investigating increase in light supply or duration, L.minor is grown in cultures exposed to change light intensities and duration.Clatworthy, J.N., Harper, J.L., Comparative biology of closely related species living in same area. Inter and intraspecific interference within cultures of Lemna spp. and Salvinia natans. J. Exp. Bot. 13, 307324, 1962. Print.Harper,J . L. & Chancellor, A. P., The comparative degree biology of closely

BUSINESS STRATEGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

BUSINESS STRATEGY - Essay ExampleBased on this analysis, the companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are determined. The next step in problem strategy is to make a client analysis. This would reveal the changes and tastes and preferences of customers. It would too reveal the changing demographics which would consequently determine the companys strategies. It would also reveal the customers perceptions regarding the services of the company. The customer analysis would determine the price strategies for the company. The competitive analysis would provide insight into the competitors weaknesses and strengths. Firms practicing an advanced and systematic competitive profiling hold on at an advantage of knowing the competitors background, products, finances, facilities, products, markets and strategies. This would give an idea of the expected moves that the competitors would take. Based on this, the company would design its own strategies to have an surplus edge over its customers. An internal analysis makes an analysis of the internal environment for the formulation of appropriate strategies. In this regard, the value chain analysis gives highlights on the primary(prenominal) and the supportive activities which would add value to the company. The resource based view analyses the competencies and resources of the firm. The firms performance would depend on the distinctive capabilities. The company must also make a thorough analysis of its financial position. This allows proper management and reduction of costs associated. It is seen that the operating costs of British Airlines have increased steadily with the rise in fuel prices (BBC News-a, 2011). Financial assessments would also allow the company to undertake other cost cutting strategies like employee downsizing, compensation structure of employees, or other operations costs. The financial position would determine whether the company would be to withstand sudden shocks and the measures to b e taken during such times. Answer to question 2 The British Airways considers the importance of working closely with stakeholders. It is important to make the stakeholders analysis to ensure their interests are met. More so because the organisation policies and actions affect the hatful who have direct stake in the company. It is also important that they provide their views, opinions and suggestions which would allow giving shape to the organisation fight from the stage of infancy. The existence of in good order stakeholders provides support for the company. This allows greater possibility of attainment of success for the company. The first step in stakeholders analysis would be to identify the key stakeholders as come up as the business interest associated with them. For example, the British Airways approach towards the implementation of corporate complaisant responsibility is influenced by the fact that the airline generates major economic and social benefits. At the same time it also has significant environmental impacts and on the communities surrounding the airport (CBI, 2006, p.1). Following this, the company would

Org behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Org behavior - Assignment ExampleIf organizations adopt to create a differentiating factor and gain a competitive advantage against its competitors, then organizations need to adopt the broad bewitch. Adoption of this method of conducting CSR activities will aid the organization in exploring opportunities of doing business which can not be uncovered by implementing the specify view. Businesses do not perform al ane they have to give equal importance to external constituencies such as the society and government. By adopting the broad view organizations realize the importance of its dependence on the society to gain a competitive advantage. Organizations that give-up the ghost to realize the connection between the business and the society fail to stay longer in business and all their efforts of becoming a socially responsible organization ends up in vain. Today the market is abundant of homogeneous businesses and marketers are experiencing difficult in differentiating their produc ts from the products of the competitors. Under such circumstances, the adoption of large scale corporate social responsibility activities can help organizations oppose themselves from their competitors.Organizations that adopt a functional structure are structured in a way so that the organization is divided into different groups or departments and these departments take form together to produce goods and services offered by the organization (Hitt, 2005, p.327). These departments are controlled and monitored by head of the organization even recognized as the Chief operating police officer who is responsible for making essential decisions and then he coveys these decisions to the lower level staff to operate the organization. This structure is mostly followed by those organizations that work on one product or have small number of homogenous products. Organizations expand and the number of goods and services they produce even increases. For example Procter and Gambler produce mixed

The Road To Recovery For the State of Illinois Research Paper

The Road To Recovery For the State of Illinois - Research Paper idealThere are many other give tongue tos that have not recovered fully or partially from the recession aftermaths and Illinois is also among them. It has been facing crisis since last a couple of(prenominal) years. The governor and authorities are striving to take the suppose out of the critical detail but things is not that much easy. Illinois? is facing many crises at present. In fact there is a cluster of crisis including jobs, energy, pension issue, education etc. The Governor of the state Pat Quinn is currently fighting with all these issues and he has also proposed some changes for the improvement of the situation. He has introduced some plans for the betterment of economic landscape, human rights, employment conditions and extra funding for education etc. Financial situation of the state is not stable at all and it has created many problems for every single person living in the state. Governor has proposed figure for the upcoming pecuniary year 2013 and that budget actually has a depth of solving these issues by having around $58 billion. He thinks that this budget volition put Illinois on the bridle-path to recovery and it will be recovered soon by such turmoil. Structural reforms are proposed for pension system of the state and Medicaid program (Quinn 22). The journey of the state towards recovery highly depends upon the principal sumership. The leadership having the capability of taking difficult decisions with confidence and with optimistic approach can overcome the issues being faced by the state. unfortunately flock of Illinois have been waiting for long for such decisions but now the right time is there and the leadership is taking critical decisions that are all important(p) for the fiscal recovery of the state. The budget proposed by Governor has everything that is needed to cater the magnitude of crisis faced by the state. Quinn proposed budget gained appreciation and importance in people eyes because he has demonstrated that he doesnt believe in borrowing money because it ultimately puts pressure on the state. Borrowing will lead to reserved surplus and problem will be transfer to next years. Medicaid Program is the important step taken towards the recovery of the state. The program aims to support the under-privileged differentiate through so that they can get access to healthcare facilities and medication. The current funding is not fully curtailed but it is not appropriate. If borrowing happens then Medicaid budget will be underfunded up to $2.6 billion. Proposed budget will overcome the funding gap by bringing changes for instance repayment rate would decrease for healthcare provider and tax on cigarette would be much higher. Crises are severe and it is believed that proposed changes are appropriate enough to take the state to the next take aim easily with plan and strategy (Bunch and Beverley 57). Without a cost cutting plan, Assembly w ould not approve this budget because if funding of the state for Medicaid program get treat then it will put burden of $5billion and the next fiscal year will be full of crisis. Quinn has proposed to handle the cost of pension system that will consume 20% fund in next fiscal year. Programs that are not funded and are acting as a liability on state will not be a burden anymore and he has also asked employees and tax payers to contribute for taking the state out of this situation. Quinn is optimistic in solving these problems but civic federation still has concerns regarding this approach because according to them pain taken from previous years is not that much easy. In 2010, Quinn

Myers and Sadaghiani Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Myers and Sadaghiani - Essay Examplet have been made by the author in the journal article are that the Millennials in the work force are more motivated to work on tasks that are meaningful in nature and are essential for the attainment of organizations aims and objectives. The hour interesting point that the authors have made is that Millennials expect that they are provide with timely, continuous as well as constructive feedback which their managers and older coworkers might guess is unnecessary and time consuming.I agree with both the points made by the authors of the research article. I agree with the first point because any individual, whether young or old would be more motivated to work in those positions and on those tasks that are considered as significant by the organization and others. If they do not discern that their work is of significance to others, they may feel that they are being used for work that is not necessary for the success of the organization and may end up being dissatisfied with that work. I agree that Millennials require timely, continuous and constructive feedback because they have recently graduated or joined the workforce and they require feedback in order to ensure that they are performing well on their tasks. Feedback and task significance are two important elements of job design that cause blessedness among employees (Parikh, 2010).Myers, K. K., & Sadaghiani, K. (January 01, 2010). Millennials in the Workplace A Communication Perspective on Millennials Organizational Relationships and Performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 2,

Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Terrorism - Research Paper Examplefor protection rackets or to enforce a code of tranquillity is usually not labeled terrorism though these same actions may be labeled terrorism when done by a politically make group (Beatriz, 2011).Terrorism has been practiced by a broad array of political organizations for furthering their objectives. It has been practiced by right-wing and left-wing political parties, nationalistic groups, spectral groups, revolutionaries, and ruling governments. An abiding characteristic is the indiscriminate use of violence against noncombatants for the purpose of gaining publicity for a group, cause, or individual. The symbolism of terrorism can leverage tender fear to help achieve these goals (San, 2011). The only general characteristic of terrorism generally agreed upon is that it involves violence and the threat of violence.The terms terrorism and terrorist (someone who engages in terrorism) melt strong negative connotations. These terms are often used a s political labels, to condemn violence or the threat of violence by certain actors as immoral, indiscriminate, and unjustified or to condemn an entire segment of a population. Those labeled terrorists by their opponents rarely identify themselves as such, and typically use opposite terms or terms specific to their situation, such as separatist, freedom fighter, liberator, revolutionary, vigilante, militant, paramilitary, guerrilla, rebel, patriot, or any similar-meaning word in other languages and cultures. Jihad, mujahidin, and fedayeen are similar Arabic words which go for entered the English lexicon. It is common for both parties in a conflict to describe each other as terrorists.Terrorist attacks are usually carried come in in such a way as to maximize the severity and length of the psychological impact. Each act of terrorism is a performance devised to have an impact on many large audiences. Terrorists also attack national symbols, to show power and to attempt to shake the foundation of the country or federation

Seminar issues in hospital Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seminar issues in hospital - Case Study ExampleA gracious resource unit must develop the skills and potential of an organization. Recent research indicates that career development and a challenging work environment is a priority for most employees (Griffin, 2015). They must create individual development plans for every position in the organization. In addition, this development needs evaluation and measurement to fall upon the satisfaction level of its workforce.The organization can use some devices to reduce the workforce. Succession planning is essential to ensure that the remaining employees can comfortably consider the remaining work. A voluntary exit incentive architectural plan is a useful device to ensure a smooth transition of laid-off employees off of the organization (Hopeman, 2003). Two years is a long enough period to ensure that the program is successful in an organization. Another device is the use of a forced ranking system, in which the abilities of the workforce are ranked according to their skills, and other factors such as length of stay in the organization, and performance (Hopeman, 2003). The human resource department is the most suited unit to implement the two devices in a fair manner. A voluntary exit incentive program is cheaper than a forced ranking system. A forced ranking system is a complex process that involves observation, collection, and analysis of

Albert Hourani and Ibn Khaldoun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Albert Hourani and Ibn Khaldoun - Essay ExampleHourani, in his book, presents his political views while he traces the emergence of Islam, which was born into a pagan area influenced by Christianity and Judaism, where the prominent powers exercised no direct control that is a breeding ground in both the political and religious. A natural political order, headed by a new elite, following the Arab tribes of Mecca, went up between the two empires. The precise role that Mohammed has played in these events is uncertain because the history of his time was reconstituted in writing nearly a century after his death. These biographies tell of events concerning his life, his revelation and his action may not have been fabricated. Muhammad began to communicate his message, announcing the end of the world, the arrival of Reckoning, asking to submit to the Will of Allah, the Arabic word for the God of monotheism. His relations with other tribes deteriorated so quickly that he left Mecca for Medin a in the Hijra, the Hijra, which marks the beginning of the Muslim era. In Medina, Muhammad gathered an change magnitude number of supporters and fought to Quraysh. For Ibn Khaldoun, morality matters in the relationship between the individual and the state to the extent that any resolutions or acts taken by the ruler should be evaluated by the moral principles of the society. As one of the great political thinkers and anthropologists, he was greatly affected by the Islamic traditions that values morality above ones own interests.

Cultural Relativism and Improving the Lives of Women Essay

Cultural Relativism and Improving the Lives of Women - Essay ExampleHowever, as demonstrated by the overwhelming number of reservations to CEDAW thither is an underlying reluctance to part with social and cultural traditions.4 This study assesses the problem of cultural relativism as a barrier to improving the lives of women by reference to the flunk of the implementation and enforcement mechanisms of CEDAW. Cultural relativism takes the station that there is no universally accepted standard for judging all cultures. This is especially unfair to feminists who attempt to draw maintenance to all forms of gender discrimination and oppression among diverse cultures.5 Cultural relativism is characterized as a doctrine that recognizes that there argon some moral codes and social institutions are different and are exempt from legitimate criticism by outsiders and such a doctrine is supported by notions of communal autonomy and self-determination.6 in that respect are two diametrically o pposed views on cultural relativism. One view is referred to as radical cultural relativism and this view holds that culture provides the only severity for proffering a moral rule. The other view is radical universalism which takes the position that culture is not relevant for validating moral rules because they are universally valid.7 race are categorized and identified by social identity, especially as it is expressed in religious, ethnic, or tribal terms. These group-based identities often help determine our position in the social and political hierarchy of a society and also condition peoples attitudes and perceptions toward us as we go about our perfunctory business.8 For a number of women, they derive their respective identities from their experiences within specific settings that are dominated by males. Even so, the way that they perceive themselves emanates from how women are treated and kinda often they confront levels of discriminatory treatment within their social set tings.

Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho - Movie Review ExampleAlfred Hitchcock is considered a good film manager of thriller movies like Psycho, aired in 1960, which is considered one of the most famous films ever made.3 Hitchcock has been engaged in filming and directing suspense-thriller films, even before the filming of Psycho. He was so remarkable and an almost authority in these films that his approach is called Hitchcockian by contemporary film students. 4 In Psycho, just like in his former(a) films, Hitchcock explored themes trailing from the confines of the conventions of the melodrama, the popular entertainment during his time. Through an elaborate approach to images and cinematic devices, he explored his so-called obsessions on exploring loneliness, sexual ambiguity, voyeurism, oppressive load of the past, and walk on air of evil over goodness.5 He had been making films for thirty years when he came across filming Psycho, making him no longer new and whimpering about the techniques he w as going to use in the incompatible scenes of the movie. A box-office hit, the movie depicts of a mysterious murder of a woman - who was guilty of stealing a capacious amount of money in order to live a new life -by an old woman called Mother whose identity is revealed only in the move part of the movie. It made the knockouts wonder who the murderer was all along , and allows them to be surprised beyond expectations after finding her real identity. This paper describes the different techniques employed by Hitchcock in creating and maintaining suspense in Psycho as a film director. It also aims to answer the question, Does Hitchcock deserve the title of Master of suspense Only after thoroughly dissecting and examining Psycho and the approaches and techniques Hitchcock used on it, will this question be finally answered.The impression Techniques Hitchcock Used in PsychoFilm techniques are important parts of a movie, and its usage is indicative of how the movie will be presented v is--vis its scenes, movements of characters, and meaning. Film directors usually have a veritable dash and prosodic approach, which identify them from the rest, and Hitchcock is no exemption to this. Techniques allow for diversification of plots into one that heightens or captures a thing from the ordinary. The use of objects coupled with emotions, colors, and distance all fall in to the tone of a particular scene. Their usage makes the film employ the kind of emotion or air that a director wants to convey to his audience. In Hitchcocks Psycho, it is as important to use these varying techniques, and Hitchcock himself is able to successfully convey the meaning and suggestiveness in sequences through their usage. In this paper, these techniques are content technique, theory of proximity, random photographic camera movements, silent scenes, suggestive gestures, color, usage of material configuration, and mystery. Content TechniqueOne technique used by Hitchcock is ensuring that eac h scene is going to affect the viewer to the point that the content engages them. The characters are used to tease the viewers in many different ways. Hitchcock is fond of employing indirect movements and dialogues to signify the intention of a film, such as guilt, ill motive, and murder. He sees this as a necessary tool to capture the breath of the audience and make them think and analyse a certain situation. Hitchcock brings the audience

The Discovery of White Collar Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Discovery of White Collar Crime - Essay ExampleWhite strangler abuse tends to consult to crimes committed at a business by a businessman or woman, (Conjecture Corporation, 2011). Sutherland, in his December 27, 1939 speech, asserted the fact that when people are surrounding by individuals who have criminal behavior, they are more likely to get involved in criminal activities. This c bothed for the justice system to pose penalizations upon these washcloth collar criminals however, these punishments will be mush lenient from those given to violent criminals because purity collar criminals are not actually aggressive criminals who commit crime in series. Schlegel and Weisburd (1994, p.4) state that when Sutherland brought forward the concept, he was himself very much confused about the idea because he used words like respectability, high companionable status, and occupation, in his definition. ... ed either through computer or through paper, is often committed by people belo nging to the middle year or the upper class because people get influenced by their origins. And since they belong to high social status, the crime may go undetected and if at all detected, then the criminals are able to hire expensive lawyers to defend their cases and they are also kept in prisons that have minimum security measures. Thus, they enjoy freedom even in their prisons. Why a white collar crime is considered as less punishable than violent crimes is still questionable because many white collar crimes tend to be more harmful to the people. If a white collar criminal steals all the funds that included peoples savings of their lives, then the victims are made to lose everything if the money is not recovered. But they are still punished less and are given many concessions as compared to other criminals because they belong to a higher socio-economic status. According to FBI, White-collar crimes cost the United States more than $300 billion annually (Karri & Associates, 2006) . The concept of white collar crimes changes the way criminologists studied crime. Before this phenomenon, they looked at crime as an activity which can only be performed by street muggers and people belonging to turn down social class. But after this concept was introduced, the rich and the poor, all were considered equal in the case of criminal activities. Thus, Sutherland was able to bring the powerful people at an equal status with the poor in the eyes of the Court of Justice and made sure that the rich people do not escape punishment due to their powerful political connections and strong financial position. Sutherland and His Contributions Sutherland pondered upon the concept when he took his sociological

A World of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

A World of Art - Essay ExampleThe other the tri bung between Mary and Jesus represents the cup of the proceed grail. Look out the windows, one can fascinate the country side which is not congruent with the subject matter. He uses the technique of Chiaroscuro. It is dark in the elbow room and bright outside. It is interesting to note that he utilise the akin country side in his Mona Lisa painting which he completed in 1503. The colors used are green and orange(brown). There is symmetry with the large rolls on the table. Important paintings Perspectival study of the Adoration of the Magi (Art Authority) Pen and ink, traces of silver point and white on paper. winning to cipher his study in perspective of texture, the use of Chiaroscuro, the use of sienna to show white, the three dimensional by the fact that we can see the thickness of the steps and the pillars. the lines showing how everything is done in perfect mathematical dimensions then The Adoration of the Magi (Art Authori ty) oil on panel. The oil thing which remains from the perspective is the stairs and the pillars entirely they are quite distant. It was as though he used the study to do several painting. The texture is very primitive for a Leonardo da Vinci. The trees are 2 dimensional and Mary is in one color. Perhaps it is a question of aging. The people are half real. Titian, The hypothesis of the Virgin anoint on wood. A perfect study in vertical perception there is an incredible sense of movement, towards the heavens. In analyzing the lines, there are the two triangles with two parallel lines. The texture of the fluffiness of the clouds but also the heaviness the angles have of carrying Mary Profane Love a perfect contract between the Assumption and this perfect technique of Chiaroscuro. There is the light shining on her face and her hand. She is also looking at someone but we do not see him either. There is also the mirror which shows you something that the person in the painting doesnt see. This is a technique which began with Leonardo da Vinci. The texture of her clothes is magnificence Van Gogh, starry Night oil on canvas. It is not polychromatic though he does use a great deal of blue. He avoided using red. He uses hachure in the modern sense of the word. His brush makes short rapid strokes of the same color. The texture has very little dimension to it other than a little tour of the town. I would not call it two dimensional. Road with Pollarded Willows and A Man with a Broom (Art Authority) is from carbon, ink, and watercolor on paper. His texture is three dimensional. You can see the end of the road but you see the beginning of the impressionist school as the road slightly bends to the right. As he advanced in his training, he mixed different techniques each time of pencil and ink, or pencil, ink and water color to cite an example. He showed his being influenced from different schools. He painted 37 self portraits. It is documents that none of them look di rectly at the viewer but the Self Portrait 1887 looks straight on. His self portrait in the straw hat looks like a modern version of hatching. Jasper Johns, Numbers in Color uses the technique of pattern and polychromatic. He called his paintings of clusters crosshatchings (Johns) Grey numbers (Art Authority) is the same technique of patter without color Andrea Mantegna, The Lamentation over The Dead Christ 1494 tempera on canvas. The texture is three dimensional. He uses lines in one angle to gain depth to take away from the size of his feet. There is

Poetry Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Poetry Analysis - Essay ExampleYour absence distributed itself When I sat down in the armchairThe silent memories of the departed soul have made a strong impression on the poet who was pregnant at that time. She has expertly used the imagery in the text to capture the soul stirring emotional gap that is evident in the place and time that was once inhabited by him. Friends and relatives kept coming, assay to fill up the house the green hanger swang empty/ and the head of the table/ demanded a plate. People and acquaintances come voluntarily to visit the place and indemnify homage to a person who is so patently loved and who is present despite his physical absence. The poets use of the figurative speech, has correctly reflected the acute sense experience of loss one and all.Another very important feature of the poets text is that she has beautifully associated the death with the beginning of life that is growing inside her body. consort to her, the inevitability of the death and in consolable loss has brought for the ultimate truth of the universe. Death is final and one is totally helpless in front of it. The poet has compared this feeling of helplessness to that of the child who is still growing inside the womb of the mother and is totally dependent on her for his survival. Indeed the allegory of death and life is the philosophical monitoring device that it is a cycle that must be encountered by all. I lay down in the cool waters/ of my own womb/ and became the child/ inside, impeccant/ as a button, helplessly growing. The stark realities of the life are beyond our control and the poet has succeeded in expressing this ideological philosophy through the simple nomenclature by ending the poem with I slept because it was the only/ thing I could do. I even dreamed/ I couldnt stop myself.Those Winter Days by Robert Hayden, is a poem that shows that death has a strange way of acknowledging love that

Political Ideology Essay Example for Free

semi semi governmental governmental theory EssayAbstract Are these heady days for Nigerian governmental parties? This is the main question, which this idea addresses with accent on insurance policy-making ideology, being the first and most important vehicle of a semipolitical political party. It is argued that despite all pretences to the contrary through their manifestoes, as untold as the superficial classifications as the left and right, progressive and conservative, Nigerian parties count to be bereft of clear ideological commitments.This closedown is predicated upon the relegation of politics of issues to the background across the various republics, and in its place the ascendancy of identity and specie politics. Other factors include the rising magnitude of political vagrancy on the basis of selfish and parochial interests, the high level of political political party in see, absence/weakness of party cohesion and internal democracy, and the high mortality and disorder of party lead. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of this for Nigerias democratization and classless consolidation, before concluding with some recommendations. 1. Introduction.Are these heady days for Nigerian political parties? It does not seem so. Although, the decade of the 1990s witnessed the massive spread of what Huntington (1991) referred to as the third wave of democratization to Africa, including Nigeria, leading to an unprecedented resurgence of multiparty politics, t here(predicate) is no controversy intimately the fact that the mere adoption of party pluralism provide not automatically advance the ca physical exercise of democracy with step to the fore the institutionalization of certain institutional parameters to promote and sustain payable process in theory and practice (See, Bratton and Van de Walle, 1992 1997 Sorensen,612 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria 1993). One of the most complex and critica l institutions of democracy is political party. Political parties, as makers of democracy, establish been so romanticized that savants pay off claimed that neither democracy nor democratic societies atomic bod 18 thinkable without them.They not just now perform functions that are government related, such as making government accountable and exercising control over government brass and electorate related functions such as political representation, expression of citizenrys demand through interest articulation and aggregation as well as structuring of electoral choices but excessively linkage related functions, performing an intermediary and mediatory role amidst the government and the electorate (see, Moore, 2002 Lapalombara and Anderson, 2001 Simon, 1962).Following Omotola (2005a) and Egwu (2005), Saliu and Omotola (2006) ease up pointed out that political parties can only cope effectively with these responsibilities to the extent of their political institutionalization in hurt of structure, internal democracy, cohesion and discipline, as much as their autonomy. The element of party autonomy is very crucial.For, as Alli Mari Tripp has argued, and rightly so, those organizations that have maintain the greatest autonomy have generally been able to select their own leaders, push for far-reaching agendas, and involve themselves in politics to a greater extent than organizations that have been tied to the governing/or dominant party, either formally or through informal patronage net be givens (Tripp, 2001101). A note of caution is necessary here to avoid confusion. The relationship amongst political parties and the state is a complex unmatched.This is because it is the party that forms the government, the latter(prenominal) being the institution of the state. To now talk of a uncompromising demarcation between the two may be unrealistic. Yet, the relationship should be well defined such that political parties, peculiarly the one in power, as a critical segment of both the state and society, can enjoy some reasonable degree of societal autonomy, the absence of which poses serious threats to political liberalization, democratization and democratic consolidation (Tripp, 2001105).In such a situation, multiparty democracy can be adapted for the politicization of ethnicity and further 613 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria elite group enrichment encouraging a confrontational and divisive system (cf Dicklitch, 2002205). The import of the foregoing discussion, to take a cue from Saliu and Omotola (20062), is that the level of political institutionalization of political parties and their institutional strengths are directly correlated to their ability to discharge their ascribed responsibilities, and by extension, the strengths of democracy.When well institutionalized, political parties can serve as a set of mediating institutions through which differences in ideas, interests and detection of p olitical problems at a given time can be managed (Olagunju, 2000 Omotola, 2005a). However, when the reverse is the case, the democracy project and the general system stand the risk of sexual perversion and eventual(prenominal) breakdown. Whatever the case, it is important to note that at the very heart of the success or otherwisewise of political party is the important question of political ideology.The issue of ideology has been so central to the activities of political parties across time and space that Anson D. Morse (189676) has argued that ideology, being the durable convictions held in common by party members in respect to the most desirable form, institutions, spirit and course of action of the state, determines the natural attitude of a party towards every public question (cf. Iyare, 200481).In an incisive piece on political party convention, Richard Davies and Vincent J. Strickler (19961025) similarly argue that ideology functions as planks, that is, single issue statement s within the platform, the exact ideological orientation course of which is often used as a bargaining chip in seeking party unity. Here, the platform connotes a statement of the official party position on a variety of issues.Okudiba Nnoli (2003177-82) also concludes that ideology is a very crucial aspect of politics, not only by serving as a cognitive structure for looking at society generally and providing a prescriptive formula, that is, a guide to individual action and judgement, but also as a powerful instrument of conflict management, selfidentification, popular mobilization and legitimization. It may, in that respectfore, be correct to assert that the first and most important vehicle of a political party, down the stairs an ideal situation, should be its ideological billet. 614 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, NigeriaIn reality, however, this is seldom the case. Perhaps, due to the shallowness of democratic roots especially in the developing countries, other forces of identity particularly ethnicity and religion would appear to have taken the place of ideology. The rising influence of money politics represents some other crucial constricting dimension (see, Nugent, 2001a 2001b 2001c 1999 1995 Gros, 1998 Omotola, 2004). What is the situation with Nigerian parties? Put differently, do Nigerian parties have ideology? How has its ideological condition shaped and influenced the course of party politics in the country?The main thrust of this chapter is to critically engage these questions with a view to suggesting ways of reviving and raising the consciousness of Nigerian parties with view to the centrality of ideology to party activities and effectiveness. The paper is organized into a number of components. Firstly, it will analyze the place of ideology in political theory. The second substantive section situates Nigerian parties in historical perspectives, tracing briefly their origin and growth as a precursor to the a nalysis of the place of ideology in Nigerian parties across different epochs.The last substantive part of the paper, drawing on its immediate preceding section, engages the central question of whether Nigerian parties have ideology or not. It is argued that despite all pretences to the contrary through their manifestoes, as much as the superficial classifications as the left and right, progressive and conservative parties, Nigerian parties seem to be bereft of clear ideological commitments. This conclusion is predicated upon the relegation of politics of issues to the background across the various republics, and in its place the ascendancy of identity and money politics.Other factors include the rising magnitude of political vagrancy on the basis of selfish and parochial interests, the high level of party indiscipline, absence/weakness of party cohesion and internal democracy, and the high mortality and turnover of party leadership. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of t his for Nigerias democratization and democratic consolidation, before concluding. 615 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria 2. Ideology and Political Theory.Ideology represents a typically crucial element of political parties and their activities. It is a set of ideas about politics, all of which are related to one other(prenominal) and that modify and support each other. Though relatively enduring, it is yet a fighting(a) phenomenon, capable of being modified by new issues. It was in this stir up that Philips W. Shively (1997) defines an ideology as a continually developing, organized set of ideas about politics that helps us to make sense of the myriad of political questions that face use.For Okudiba Nnoli, ideology typifies a systematized and interconnected set of ideas about the socio-economic and political organization of society as a whole (Nnoli, 2003 178). The c formerlypt of ideology, is, historically, deeply rooted in political theory. A s a concept, it was coined by the late eighteenth century French philosopher, Destutt de Tracy (1754 1836). According to Nnoli (2003177), Destutt de Tracy used it to describe a new scientific discipline that systematically studies ideas, emotions and sensations the science of ideas.This conception has since changed and ideology has come to embody the ideas themselves. As a result of the changes, ideology has come to be presented as a proceeds representing two contradictory realities the good and the bad, the former depicting ideology as a system of thought that animates social or political action, and the latter as a misleading, illusory or one-sided criticism or condemnation (cf Nnoli, 2003178-79). This was the kind of debate that dominated political discourse in the midnineteenth century.For instance, in their The German Ideology, Marx and Engels (1960) took a swipe at Hegel and his-co-travelers, describing them as ideologists of the bourgeois system, not articulate about the material conditions of social and political life. Yet, they went ahead to articulate another conception of ideology establish on class analysis as a device for articulating the conflicting interests of different social classes (Nnoli, 2003178). 616 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria.From whatever perspective one looks as it, the reality of political life across political systems, developed or developing, is the fact of multiple political options from which inevitably, choice(s) must be made. At such critical crossroads, ideology provides a ready guide for appropriate action. Philips W. Shively posits that ideology is useful to people, both for their own personal rest and satisfaction and for their public political activities. At the individual level, ideology helps to make sense reasonably easily and quickly of the varied political questions that come to ones attention.In terms of its public utilities, it helps people to make persuasive argument s convincingly to enlist popular support for a given public policy (Shively, 199746 47). On the whole, therefore, ideology is an indispensable element of politics. It does not only serve as a major(ip) instrument of state power, playing major role in the acquisition, use and consolidation of power, but also functions as political lifeline for the animation of politics, forcing individuals and groups alike to make political plan, especially in the face of competing and conflicting divides, as between capitalism and socialism, during the Cold War.On these notes, Nnoli (2003181-83) summarizes the functions of ideology as that of providing A cognitive structure for looking at society generally, be serving as an explanatory and justificatory category for societal realities A prescriptive formula a guide to individual action and judgment as a basis for the legitimization of public polities when in conformity with popular belief An instrument of conflict management and the integration o f society by limiting the basic values and issues over which societal members and disagree A means of self-identification for the satisfaction of specific personality needs, a means of self-evaluation and social solidarityA dynamic force in both individual and collective commitment action for or against the ruling class or decision. That is, it provides a powerful basis for mobilization 617 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria Enhancement of the political appeals of a political party, by differentiating one party from another and Negatively, may serve not only as a serious impediment to national integration and suppress the underprivileged, but also to disguise authoritarian rule. This is because, it tends to provide individuals with imaginary avenues of escape from the raspy realities of social life (Nnoli, 2003183). It is important to note that ideologies do have certain defining attributes.Most notable among these include the fact that they are not plain the creation of those who hold them. Rather, they tend to take on a life of their own and guide the political views of their holders in unanticipated ways (see, Price and Sullivan, 1980 Freeden, 1996). In most cases, ideologies originate from seemingly irreconcilable antagonistic settings, tend to be exclusive, absolute and universal in character and can be personalized and cancelled into a sacred belief similar to religious beliefs. While it is not entirely permanent, it is, however, resistant to fundamental changes (see, Sibley, 1970 Nnoli, 2003 Enemuo, 1999). Some illustrations suffice.Across time and space, various forms of ideologies have emerged at different times, Marxism and not in the least, African socialism. For space constraints, we can not examine each of these here. It is however important to note that most of these ideologies do fit correctly to the aforementioned attributes. For instance, almost all such ideologies such as conservatism and socialism emer ged in situation of acute social strain, in response to liberalism and capitalism respectively. While liberalism emphasizes individualism (freedom, liberty), conservatism harps on collectivism characteristic of welfarist states.Despite their long history, attacks and counterattacks against each other, both liberalism and conservation sleek over remain prominent ideologies in western democracies particularly the United States of American and Great Britain (see, Rudolph, Jr. , 1996 Kay, 1976). Today, the emphasis in political theory is predominantly on democratic ideology.David Howarth 618 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria defines a democratic ideology as one involving the classification and analysis of different types of democratic ideologies, as they are articulated and function in concrete societies. It includes various democratic forms and institutions as capitalist/liberal democracy and radical democracy. It also reflects on the differences w ithin a given type such as direct and indirect variants of liberal democracy (Howarth, 2001 191-94).Essentially, democratic ideology centers on the way in which the language and blandishment of democracy function as a tool of ideological justification and legitimization by political elites and ruling classes. It also focuses on cultural and ethnical conditions for the becoming functioning of liberal democratic states and societies, requiring in the least, a belief in or at least an acceptance of democracy (see, Putnam, 1993 1995 1996).Above all, democratic ideology typifies the use of democracy by social groups and political forces to constitute their identities and advance their interests. Here, according to Howarth (2001193), democracy is itself a key ideological element in political mobilization and struggle, and is used to create political frontiers between differently located social groups and agencies. republican ideology therefore captures the whole essence of our theoretic al postulations on the centrality of ideology to the exploits of political parties. What needs to be added is that an umbrella party (Catch-All ships company) that seeks to appeal to diverse interests, usually by adopting a general or vague platform, may not necessarily stick to only one ideology and vice versa. This is the case in the United States where in the two dominant parties Democrats and countryan there are Liberals, Moderates and Conservatives. The reverse is the case in Great Britain where the Labour and Conservative parties are each highly centralized and less catch-all in nature than American parties (see, Rudolph, Jr. , 1996 1021).Yet, in either case, the parties are known for their well-defined and distinct ideologies. 619 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria 3. Origin and Growth of Nigerian Parties Philips, W. Shively (1997200) observed that although political party had turned to be useful for a variety of tasks that require cont rol or communication, it was first invented for more peculiar(a) and self serving purposes. This bill aptly captures the Nigerian reality. At its inception in 1923, precisely 24 June, 1923, following the introduction of the elective principle by the Clifford constitution, Nigerian parties had very limited and self-serving objectives.The main objective was perhaps, that of buying legitimacy for the colonial government through very limited franchise restricted to Lagos and Calabar. Richard Sklar, in his seminal work Nigerian Political Parties demonstrates articulately how the emergence of political associations such as the Peoples Union, was only in response to the prevailing realities of colonial administration (Sklar, 1963 Coleman, 1958). Little wonder, when the first political party in Nigeria, the Nigerian National Democratic troupe (NNDP) emerged in 1923, under the leadership of Herbert Macaulay, its activities were restricted to contesting elections into the Lagos city coun cil.For years, the UNDP was hegemonic in its dominance in electoral politics in the country. This was to be challenged by the Lagos Youth Movement latter Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM)- formed in 1934 and defeated the NNDP for the three seats allocated to Lagos that year. By 1944, the increasing tempo of nationalist agitation had resulted in the formation of another political party the National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (CNCN), under the leadership of Herbert Macaulay and later Nnamdi Azikwe (see, Sklar, 1968 46-50).This was followed, in quick succession, by the transformation of the Egbe Omo Oduduwa, a Yoruba sociocultural organization, into a political party, the Action Group (AG) in 1950 under the leadership of Chief Obafemi Awolowo and the Northern People Congress (NPC) in 1959 with dominance in the northern region.By 1951, a break extraneous faction of the NPC consisting mainly of radical youths based in Kano formed the Northern Element Progressive Union (NEPU). These pa rties dominated the political landscape of the country particularly in their respective regions in the 620 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria march towards independence and in the First Republic (see, Dudley, 1973 Sklar, 1963). Although the bit Republic (1979 1983) witnessed the emergence of more political parties, there was no much difference with what obtained under the First Republic.Rather, what happened was the reincarnation of parties of the First Republic under different nomenclatures with some additional parties. The parties included the National Party of Nigeria (NPN), the Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN) and the Nigerian Peoples Party (NPP) replacing the NPC, AG and NCNC, respectively. Others were the Peoples Redemption Party (PRP) and Great Nigerian Peoples Party (GNPP), and later Nigerian Advance Party (NAP), which was registered in 1982, by and by failing the first round in 1978 (Osaghae, 1998). These parties constituted major actors i n the Second Republic. Under the aborted one-third Republic, there was a fundamental change in the mode of party formation in Nigeria.This pertains to the official formation of parties by the state after a series of experiments with different political associations (see, Oyediran and Agbaje, 1991). The parties were the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC), the former being a niggling to the left and the latter a little to the right (see, Olagunju, et al, 1993216 Omoruyi, 2002). This development, executed after the dissolution of the thirteen associations that applied for registration has been as part of the grand design to execute a hidden agenda to perpetuate the military regime in power (Osaghae, 1998220). The eventual annulment of the 12 June 1993 presidential election by the military regime of general Babangida lends some credence to this claim.The country once again returned to multi-party democracy in 1999 following the transition inaugurate d and successfully completed by General Abdulsalm Abubakar. Initially, three political parties Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), the All Peoples Party (APP), later All Nigerian People Party (ANPP), and the Alliance for Democracy (AD) were registered by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). By declination 2002, the number of registered parties rose to thirty (30), while additional three 621 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria political parties were registered in January/February 2006 (see, Simbine, 2005 Onu and Momoh, 2005). This presupposes the opening up of the political space for democratic opportunities and development.But in reality, the opportunities associated with such openings are yet to be positively exploited for the political development of the country. This may not be unconnected with the scantiness of ideology that characterizes Nigerian parties, as will be demonstrated in the next section. 4. Nigerian Parties and Ideo logical Dispositions Let us begin with parties of the First Republic, that is, the NPC, NCNC and AG. Ideologically, the NPC was an fundamentally conservative and elitist party, while the AG and NCNC appeared to be progressive and welfarist, predicated upon socialist ideology. Even at that, it may be difficult to delineate the very ideological orientation of these parties.They, however, share a common feature of ethno-regional ideology, seeking to capture and consolidate power in their respective spheres of influence/region. They were also driven by a commitment to the nationalist struggle, though in varying degrees, against colonialism. The ambiguity as regards their ideological disposition can further be gleaned from the pattern of alignment between/among the parties. For example, the resolve of the NPC and NCNC, two ideologically incompatible parties, the former to the right and the latter to the left, to enter into the alliance that formed the government during the First republic attests to this. Scholars have pointed out that the alliance was a marriage of inconvenience, and would have been better between the AG and NCNC.Because the alliance was not informed by a commitment to a belief system and principles espoused by party ideology, it crumbled, sooner than expected, like a park of cards (see, Dudley, 1993 Post and Vickers, 1973 Olaniyi, 199787). In terms of ideological orientations, parties of the Second Republic would appear, safe for the GNPP, to be the reincarnations of the parties of the moribund First Republic. 622 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria For this and related reasons, there were no fundamental differences in party politics and activities, as the country was once again mired in a vituperative and vicious politics (Yaqub, 2002 125).This was graphically captured by the unprecedented pace of intra and inter-party factionalization and conflicts. Political vagrancy permeates the political landscape, leaving in its wake major realignments and coalitions among the parties (see, Osaghae, 1998139 44). Notably, the formation of the so-called forum of the progressive governors consisting of PRP, GNPP, NPP and UPN was unable to survive long, as the ruling NPN used its federal tycoon and patronage to attract decampees from other parties. Eventually, it succeeded in wooing the NPP of the East, in a manner reminiscent of the First Republic into an alliance, which like the earlier one, collapsed sooner than expected.The eventual breakdown of the alliance marked the beginning of internal crisis for the NPP, following the refusal of some of its top leaders particularly Mathew Mbu and Professor Ishaya Audu to resign their appointments in government (Osaghae, 1998140). Logically, it may be argued that if the parties had been guided by a clear commitment to a particular belief system and principles, much of the crisis and contradictions that characterized party politics under the Second Republic co uld have been averted. But, since the parties were motivated largely by ethnic competition for power through their respective ethnic champions, zero point more could have been expected. As Osaghae has argued, while the instrumentalist, to the attainment of this feat (1998144).The degeneration of party politics through political vagrancy, elite factionalization and weak institutionalization led to the military coup of December 31, 1983 that brought the Second Republic into an abrupt end. Yet, the NPP and GNPP appeared to be liberal in ideology with a strong belief in mixed economy the NPN conservative with emphasis on free market system and respect for traditional institutions.The PRP, a leftist and most radical party had a populist, antineocolonial agenda and advocates social transformation and income redistribution and the UPN the most disciplined, socialist/welfarist in orientation was based on the 623 J Shola Omotola, MS., Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria philoso phy of free education and heath misgiving delivery (see, Ujo, 200091-102 Osaghae, 1998118-122).The aborted Third Republic witnessed a new experiment in party formation, when for the first time in the history of party politics in Nigeria the government created and imposed two political parties on the system. Ordinarily, the existence of two political parties should represent two different ideological camps, as has been the case between the Labour and Conservative parties in Britain and Democrats and Republican parties in the USA. This was not the case with respect to the SDP and NRC in Nigeria.Although, while one was a little to the left and other a little to the right, nothing much differentiates the parties, at least not in ideological dispositions (see, Jinadu, 1995 Lewis, 1994 Oyediran and Agbaje, 1991 Adejumobi, 1997). Yaqub (2002128) had written about party politics under the Third Republic that The way incompatibility had been manifested in the two parties was not fundamenta lly due to serious ideological divisions (in any case, the manifestoes of the parties, despite phrase mongering of a little to the left, and a little to the right, did not articulate much programme differences), but to assert, that even if we are to borrow Babangidas words, the old lines of cleavages and aboriginal loyalties once again simply asserted themselves.If parties of previous republics were found wanting on ideological stance and commitment, those of the Fourth Republic are obviously worse. Omoruyi (20028) has renowned that the manner of origin of the parties does not fit into what we know from literature, their composition fluid and unstable, and can be viewed as mere instruments of transition from military to civil rule. And for the afterlife and with the prospect for more parties, they raise more questions than answers to the lingering political problems for Nigeria.According to him, the PDP, for example, draws its founders from all and sundry political persuasions c onservatives, radicals and progressives (Ghali Nabba, 624 J Shola Omotola, MS., Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria 2001 cf Omoruyi, 20028), most of whom supported the annulment of the June 12, 1993 presidential election and flirted with the military during the annulment and in the post-annulment period including some serving as ministers or members of the ING or as member of the Abacha undemocratic constitutional conference or as leaders of some of the five political parties set up and managed by General Abachas aides that finally endorsed him as the sole presidential candidate in April 1998 (Omoruyi, 20028-9). The APP did not differ in any respect as its founders also served as ministers or as aides in different parts of the country under Abacha.The AD that looks different was, however, affected by its inability to meet the federal character clause in the constitution and up till today remains essentially a Yoruba party. It was perhaps the foregoing faulty origin and doubtful foundations of these parties that have been largely responsible for their seeming ideological barrenness. Although, the PDP and APP (ANPP) were status quo parties, given their capitalist and conservative dispositions and the AD progressive and radical in appearance, none of them seems to have clear policy positions as a basis of popular mobilization and legitimacy of their actions. Judging by their activities, it has been observed that theres almost nothing to chose, between PDP and other parties in terms of ideological learning (Iyare, 200492).Simbine (2002200523) has also observed that the manifestoes of the first three political parties were essentially the same in guinea pig, as they were not crafted differently, and the strategies for achieving objectives did not differentiate parties from each other. In a seeming self-indictment passage, Jerry Gana, a former Minister of Information and PDP stalwart observes In terms of cohesion and firm ideological learning, there i s a problem but PDP will be transformed, PDP will be strong, PDP will be strengthened ideological, PDP will be more organized, PDP will be in power for 30 years (quoted in Iyare, 200494).625 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria Given the obvious scantiness of ideology that characterizes the first three political parties of the Fourth Republic, PDP, APP and AD, it should not be surprising that almost all the other parties that sprang up or broke away from them did no do so because of ideological disagreements.Neither was it that they have articulated alternative views of governance for sustainable democracy and development as a practicable basis of popular mobilization to wrestle power from the incumbent party. Rather, they were products of adversarial elite behaviour taken to the points of irreconcilability. Little wonder, these parties also have no ideological stance on major national questions other than the transformation and manipulation of f orces of identity particularly ethnicity and religion (see, Simbine, 2005). The implication is that the so-called political parties are not in competition with one another.They are in factions these factions are more in competition within themselves than with another party (Omoruyi, 200217). An informed observer and consistent scholar of Nigerian politics captures the scenario thus Unfortunately, the succeeding generations of party leaders, despite having their forbearers legacies to draw from and better educational background into the bargain, have not demonstrated this perspicacity.