Affects of Low Socio-economic Status in Children Essay

Socio-economic status remains a theme of great interest to those who study children’s development. This interest derives from a belief that high socio-economic status families pay for their children an array of services, goods, parental actions, and social connections that potentially redound to the benefit of children and a concern that many low socio-economic status children lack access to those same resources and experiences, thus putting them at risk for developmental problems (Briscoe, 1994). The interest in socio-economic status as a worldwide construct persists despite evidence that there is wide inconsistency in what children experience within every socio-economic status level, despite evidence that the link between socio-economic status and child well-being varies as a function of geography, and culture, and despite evidence that the relation between socio-economic status and child well-being can be disrupted by catastrophes and internal strife (Bornstein, Hahn, Suwalsky & Haynes, 2003, p. 45). The major factor that affects child development is the socio-economic status. It is an indicator of a person’s social and economic standing, measured through a combination of income, level of education, residency, occupation, and social status in the community (Briscoe, 1994). Families with a high socio-economic status often have more success because they typically have more access to more resources to improve their child’s development (Bornstein, Hahn, Suwalsky & Haynes, 2003, p. 54). They are able to afford high-quality child care and books that would encourage children to learn. Children from low socio-economic status families lack the financial, educational and social support they need to be considered equivalent to children from high socio-economic status families. These differences can cause a child to become unconfident, non-motivated, and even isolation from society. It is a problem that could stay with the child through adolescences and on into adulthood (Bradley & Corwyn, 2002). It is only as an adult that the person has the independence and the ability to change his socio-economic status. He makes the choice of where to live, what job to pursue, how he fits in society; becoming his own person but a child can not (Bornstein, Hahn, Suwalsky & Haynes, 2003, p. 223). Family’s Influence on a Child’s Educational Success The family is a key element in every person’s life. They have the greatest impact on a child’s socialization and their development. Socialization is a learned behavior that remains with a human being his entire life. Family influences nearly every aspect of children’s life, most significantly, their education. Increasing evidence indicates that schools are not solely responsible for promoting our children’s academics and success; rather, families must be engaged in helping youths develop the understanding and skills they need to function in tomorrow’s workplace (Bradley & Corwyn, 2002). Therefore, the question is not whether parents influence education, but rather how and to what degree they do. A variety of explanations exist, including the size of the family, the parenting techniques, and the family’s economic status. Three major constructs are believed to be parents’ basic involvement decisions. First, a parents’ role construction defines parents’ viewpoint about what they are supposed to do in their children’s education and appears to set up the basic range of actions that parents construe as important, necessary, and permissible for their own actions with and on behalf of children. Second, parents’ sense of efficacy for helping their children succeed in school focuses on the degree to which parents believe that through their contribution, they can exert positive influence on their children’s educational outcomes. Third, general invitations, demands, and opportunities for involvement refer to parents’ opinion that the child and school want them to be involved (Bradley & Corwyn, 2002). However, even well-designed school programs welcoming involvement will meet with only limited success if they do not address issues of parental role construction and parental sense of efficacy for helping children succeed in their schools. Academic Attainment and Low Socio-economic Status For over 70 years findings on the relationship between socio-economic status and intellectual/ academic competence has accumulated. The association between socio-economic status and cognitive performance begins in infancy. Numerous studies have documented that poverty and low parental education are associated with lower levels of school achievement and IQ later in childhood (Bornstein, Hahn, Suwalsky & Haynes, 2003, p. 103+). There has been some debate regarding which aspects of socio-economic status most strongly connect to cognitive development. Each socio-economic status measure used in the Health Examination Survey (family income, maternal education, paternal education) highlighted intellectual attainment, with education being the best predictor. Maternal education was a stronger predictor than paternal education. Maternal and paternal education is good predictor. Socio-economic status accounts for about 5% of the variance in academic achievement. Among the traditional measures of socio-economic status, family income accounts for the greatest amount of variance. In a recent study, it has been found that each socio-economic status indicator (income, education, occupation) was associated with better parenting, which in turn affected school achievement via skill-building activities and school behavior. Evidence suggests a particularly strong relation between socio-economic status and verbal skills. Major differences were found in the language proficiency of children from high socio-economic status and low socio-economic status families. The relation between socio-economic status and cognitive attainment may be quite complex, with different components of socio-economic status contributing to the development of particular cognitive skills in different ways and with some components of socio-economic status serving to moderate the effects of other components. Several analyses have indicated that the relations for family income and parental education depend on the number of siblings present in the household (Bornstein, Hahn, Suwalsky & Haynes, 2003, p. 34). The affect of Socio-economic status and intellectual/academic attainment diminishes with age. However, the effects of family income on achievement among 7-year-olds are similar to the effects on intelligence for 3-year-olds. Socio-economic status also appears to affect school attendance and number of years of schooling completed. The impact on years completed appears to be less than the impact on school achievement. Even so, socio-economic status remains one of the most consistent predictors of early high school dropout, with evidence suggesting that it is connected both to low parental expectations and to early initiation of sexual activity (Bradley & Corwyn, 2002). Students from lower-income families suffer further disadvantages as well. Economic hardship and stress have been known to affect the relationship between the parent and child. If the socio-economic status of the student is low, the amount of parental support, control, and consistency is usually low as well. Adolescents from intact families have been found to be more optimistic and confident about the future than those from homes in which there has been a separation, divorce, or parental death. References Bornstein, M. H. & Bradley, R. H. (Eds. ). (2003). Socioeconomic Status, Parenting, and Child Development. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Bradley, R. H. , & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Socioeconomic Status and Child Development. 371+. Briscoe, J. (1994, December). The Cost of Child Abuse and Neglect. Corrections Today, 56, 26+. Education Is Critical to Closing the Socioeconomic Gap. (2003, February). World and I, 18, 18. Ellis, L. (Ed. ). (1994). Social Stratification and Socioeconomic Inequality (Vol. 2). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

Education †Epistemology Essay

Education is something everybody wants to attain but nobody knows how. Nevertheless, many psychologists express an idea that key qualifications and skills, that are required in contemporary life conditions, are gained out of school and college. The following statement may be supported by a number of valuable reasons, namely the students’ immatureness, high informational age’s changeability and predomination of personal experience. As for the first reason, most young learners are reluctant to study. They pay little attention to adults, who make them spend long hours sitting with a book. Pupils and students are by and large considered responsible for their future. To be on the level, it sometimes turns out to be much more enjoyable to play hooky with counterparts, rather than to develop essential skills, at least when young. The second statement covers both the possibility and the necessity of life-long education, which means that in modern world each piece of knowledge is useful. While school and college allow students to acquire specific qualifications, the outer sources of information fill the gap with most urgent news. The real goal is to get through the flow of information and be flexible enough to change one’s point of view immediately. The third reason’s supporting example is the hot teapot, staying on the cooker, which is told to be extremely dangerous. But if we are misfortunate to prove that ourselves, we will certainly become 100 times more careful with kitchen utensil. The same thing might happen to graduates, who have just tasted some bitter working obstacles. Being taught at school and at work will never be the same. To recapitulate the above reasons, either school or college provide us with basic knowledge we are simply too young to concentrate on. Apart from this, we get permanent information that would further be influenced by a variety of conditions. And, finally, one will be ensured in anything in case he/she experiences it oneself. Academic studies should just play a role of a start-up, after which one should progress through different life stages. Therefore, most important things seem to be understood long after graduation.

Research Analysis Opinion Paper ( government class)

Analysis Opinion ( government class) - Research Paper Example Texas had its ideals and overall goals aligned with those of the unionist until the Republican party leaders started criticizing most of the southern institutionsi. Some of the issues that the north and the south did not see eye to eye on included; slave trade, trade with England and export tariffs. Most Texas inhabitants did not own slaves but did have the same view as their southerners of non-abolition of the slave trade by the federal congressii. They believed that that was a privy of the state and not of Congress. During this time, the Union states were considering between staying in the union or secession and joining the Confederacy of the South. Texas was not the 1st state to pull out, but its pull out led to the actual break of the four-year war. During the time of Texas secession, President Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated in office (February 15, 1861). The union government under President Lincoln said that the southern states did not have a right to leave the union in a manner that they leftiii. Most of the states in the south had left to confederate as shown by image 1. The federal government maintained that the union had authority over them. Texas on the other hand wanted the union military out of Texas and took the step of raiding the union’s military bases, and this was the beginning of the war. There were significant differences between the southern states (Texas) and their northern counterparts that made the initial attempts of unification a non-smooth sail. The first and the most important was their different economic structures. The northern states were industrialists; they had developed textile industries among others, while the lower states were agriculturalists, farmed cash crops and kept livestockiv. This was the primary reason as to why the Texans were opposed to the abolishing of the slave trade. Though as indicated earlier most families did not own slaves, but they depended on the slaves to till their land and heard the

Social and behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social and behavior - Essay Example Ted Kramer, the main character, lands a job as an advertising executive and has no time for his family; Joanna Kramer and Billy Kramer as wife and son respectively. On the other hand, Joanna Kramer decides to walk out of the relationship in an effort to realize the person she left behind when she decided to get married. Parental duties lead to Ted’s retrenchment from the agency. He and Billy begin a new journey; with the help of Margret Phelps; another single parent. Joanna comes back to claim custody of Billy fifteen months after walking out. She is awarded custody of her son. Joanna Kramer displays the role of women in the family unit. Joanna is torn between staying with her husband and child and walking out to ‘rediscover’ herself. Her decision to walk out develops the plot whereby Ted and Billy spend time together learning how to make the right decisions. She comes back to claim her son’s custody, and this brings out a significant decision from the court. The court holds that the mother best takes care of a child. Joanna would have loved a situation whereby her husband was dedicated to the family, regardless of his job position. That way, she would not have made the decision to walk away, which can be considered rather selfish by the viewer. As a happy family, Joanna would have improved the way the two behaved in an attempt to raise their child upholding moral values. Good decisions influence behavior; hence, less selfish motives

Human Resouce Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Resouce Management - Essay Example The main features of the ‘best practice’ approach include strategy setting and planning, which places emphasis on management, regarding the need to set strategically designed organizational goals, then developing plans that will help the organization realize the strategic goals drawn to guide the organization (Bollinger, 2005). The second feature is risk management; where the feature directs that an organization should ensure that it develops and employs a system that will enable the management identify the risk facing the organization. The feature, further, insists on the need for assessing the risks as well as developing ways of treating the risks identified. A third feature is consultation, which emphasizes on the need for making consultations with involved parties, as well as other parties like the community of interest (O’Connor and Raber, 2001). The fourth feature is roles and responsibilities, which guides that the different members of the organization should perform their responsibilities and roles (Bollinger, 2005). The fifth feature is skills, independence and resources, which places emphasis on maintaining a balance between autonomy and control among members, so they can help reach organizational goals. The sixth feature is conduct and ethics, which emphasizes on the need for developing a mode of guiding interactions within and outside the organization. The seventh feature is job execution, where assessing the work of the board is given importance. The eighth feature is succession planning, which emphasizes on the need to develop a plan for the appointment of the successor of the overall manager. The ninth feature is financial and operational reporting, where emphasis is placed on the need to report operational and financial flows (Bollinger, 2005). The Best-fit approach to HRM holds that the practices of the human resources role should fit well with  other functions and organizational

Frozen yorgurt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Frozen yorgurt - Essay Example It otherwise suffers from its flexibility, excess calories and loses its freshness very fast. Red Mango is the best to control, but it has limited the number of flavors. It is awesome when used as a supplement. As a result, it is somewhat costly. There is Baskin Robbins that contains thirty-one flavors, is readily affordable and is consumable at home in cakes. The blow to this category is its self-inefficiency and does not create such a welcoming atmosphere (Ahmed, Haroun and Eisa). Another competitor is the yogurt land that is not artificial, but is affordable. It contains moderate fats and has a taste of its kind. Reasons, why one would prefer frozen yogurt to the others, include its affordability ad lovely feel. It brings fewer health risks thus suitable for the growing youngsters. Considering that it’s painless, it provides an opportunity to couple with other staff including chocolate, candy, granola and fruits. Other benefits include the cooling effect it has during the summer, the awesome savor. Some advantages are personal like creating a beautiful moment when catching up with colleagues and creating an opportunity to spend time with

Project Procurement Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Procurement Management - Essay Example A signed Charter authorizes the Project Team to begin work on the project. Project Schedule gives planned dates for starting and completing activities and milestones. Project schedule could be an addendum to the project charter or be part of the charter document itself to provide a high-level timeline of the project to the management and the stakeholders. The Project charter should contain rough estimates for the management to budget for the project or choose to approve this project over other projects that are in contention for the funding. This could also be included in the charter document itself or be a separate supporting document as an enclosure. Expense item Costs$ Capital costs Hardware $25,000.00 Software $106,000.00 Infrastructure $83,000.00 Installation $12,000.00 Professional Services - implementation and training $200,000.00 Others $53,000.00 Total Capital Costs $479,000.00 First Year Operating Costs Salaries $300,000.00 Computer Operational costs $85,000.00 Contracted Services $200,000.00 Professional services $150,000.00 Others $75,000.00 Total first year operational costs $810,000.00 Total budget cost estimate $1,289,000.00 References: 1. Project Charter defined Authority Documentation Comparing Prince2 with PMBOK http://www.maxwideman.com/papers/comparing/authority.htm 2. What should a project charter contain A Project Charter template http://www.vita.virginia.gov/projects/